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. 2020 May 12;19:103. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01356-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — The comparison between the in vitro and the in vivo evolution of heterologous modular pathway of astaxanthin. a Phenotype verification of yQDD008 and yQDD022. The parent strain yQDD001 was used as control strain. The photograph was attached to illustrate the visual color of the related strains. b Stability assays of yQDD008 and yQDD022. Yeast cultures in YPD after 6 days were plated on SD agar and the number of light-color strains was counted. The ratio of unstable strains in every 12 generations was recorded and listed. c Growth curves of yQDD001, yQDD008 and yQDD022. d Profile of astaxanthin titer during fermentation with strain yQDD001, yQDD008 and yQDD022. e Profile of astaxanthin yield during fermentation with strain yQDD001, yQDD008 and yQDD022