Table 2.

Repositioned drugs for targeting inflammatory mediators

Drug	Inflammatory mediators for target	Disease
Artemisia apiacea Hance	IκBα, NF-κB p65, p38, RANTES, IL-8, IL-6, and TARC	Atopic dermatitis
Heparin	iNOS, Il-4, ARG1, and ARG2	Asthma
Mangiferin	Nrf2 expression, IL-1β & IL-18, and NLRP3	Sepsis
Methylthiouracil	TLR2, TLR4, RAGE, and p38, NF-κB	Sepsis
Rapamycin	mTOR, IL-13, and IgE	Asthma
Rifampicin	Histamine, β-HEX, PGD2, proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and COX-2	Atopic dermatitis
Simvastatin	IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, CD4 T–cell, Th2, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1	Sepsis and Asthma

TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; p38, protein kinase 38; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2; IL, interleukin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; IgE, immunoglobulin E; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; ARG1, arginase 1; ARG2, arginase 2; β-HEX, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Hexosaminidase A; PGD2, prostaglandin D2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.