Table 2.

Associations between active transportation (AT) level^a and cardiovascular disease risk factors: U.S., 2011–2016.

Level of AT	Hypertension (n = 13,565)		Hypercholesterolemia (n = 13,305)		Low HDL cholesterol (n = 13,200)		Diabetes (n = 13,389)		Obesity (n = 13,854)
	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value
Unadjusted
No AT	1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)
Low AT	0.61 (0.52, 0.72)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.64, 0.93)	0.009	0.89 (0.74, 1.07)	0.222	0.57 (0.46, 0.72)	< 0.001	0.83 (0.70, 1.00)	0.046
High AT	0.68 (0.57, 0.83)	< 0.001	0.66 (0.55, 0.78)	< 0.001	0.80 (0.68, 0.94)	0.008	0.64 (0.54, 0.78)	< 0.001	0.60 (0.52, 0.70)	< 0.001
Adjusted^b
No AT	1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)
Low AT	0.77 (0.64, 0.91)	0.004	0.98 (0.80, 1.21)	0.883	0.86 (0.71, 1.04)	0.119	0.68 (0.54, 0.85)	0.001	0.90 (0.76, 1.08)	0.251
High AT	0.84 (0.71, 0.99)	0.039	0.79 (0.64, 0.97)	0.027	0.70 (0.58, 0.85)	0.001	0.69 (0.56, 0.84)	< 0.001	0.66 (0.58, 0.76)	< 0.001

Note: Analytic sample includes non-pregnant adults aged 20 years or older who participated in both the interview and mobile examination center and reported no physical mobility limitations. Bold denotes statistical significance at p < 0.05. AT, active transportation; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Level of AT: None = 0–9 min/week; Low = 10–149 min/week; High = ≥150 min/week.

Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/Hispanic origin, education, poverty, smoking, survey cycle, non-transportation PA, and urbanization level. Reference groups for each logistic regression model: age group: 20–39 years, sex: male, race/Hispanic origin: non-Hispanic white, highest level of education attained by a participant: ≥college, poverty income ratio category: lowest income group (< 130%), smoking status: never smoked, survey cycle: 2015–2016, non-transportation PA: engaged in no PA for leisure or work, and urbanization level: urban.