Table 2.
Associations of maternal early‐pregnancy glucose and insulin concentrations with childhood cardiometabolic risk factors
| Model | BMI (SDS) (n = 3,726) | Systolic blood pressure (SDS) (n = 3,603) | Diastolic blood pressure (SDS) (n = 3,603) | Total cholesterol concentrations (SDS) (n = 2,589) | HDL cholesterol concentrations (SDS) (n = 2,589) | Triglyceride concentrations (SDS) (n = 2,584) | Glucose concentrations (SDS) (n = 2,589) | Insulin concentrations (SDS) (n = 2,583) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal glucose concentrations (SDS) | ||||||||
| Basic model a | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.06) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07)* | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01)* | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.11)* | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.08) |
| Confounder model b | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.01)* | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.01) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.11)* | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) |
| Maternal BMI model c | NA | NA | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.06) | NA | −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01) | NA | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.12)* | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) |
| Maternal insulin concentrations (SDS) | ||||||||
| Basic model a | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.12)* | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09)* | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.08)* | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) | −0.06 (−0.10 to −0.02)* | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.12)* |
| Confounder model b | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08)* | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07)* | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.10)* |
| Maternal BMI model c | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.09)* |
Values represent regression coefficients (95% CI) from linear regression models that reflect differences in childhood outcomes in SDS per SDS change in maternal glucose and insulin concentrations. Estimates based on multiple imputed data.
Basic model includes gestational age at enrollment and child’s age and sex at follow‐up measurements.
Confounder model includes basic model additionally adjusted for ethnicity and maternal educational level.
Maternal BMI model includes confounder model additionally adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI.
P < 0.013 (Bonferroni corrected P value for multiple testing).
SDS, standard deviation score; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; NA, not applicable.