Table 2.
Summary of study characteristics and outcomes
| Author, year, country | Sample at admission/EOT/follow‐up | Age (mean ± SD and range) | Gender(s); Diagnoses | Follow‐up | Length of stay in days (mean ± SD) | Therapeutic approach | Outcome (mean ± SD) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Intake | EOT | Follow‐up | |||||||
| Bean and Weltzin, 2001, USA | 121/99/25 |
BN: 24 ± 8 (14–47) AN: 24 ± 11 (13–54) |
Female; BN, AN |
6 months | BN: 50 ± 25; AN: 72 ± 48 | Multidisciplinary | EDI‐1 (total) | 80.3 ± 50.2 | 42.3 ± 38.3*** | Mean follow‐up scores for most subscales were similar to mean discharge scores |
| Bean et al., 2004, USA | 33 |
Female: 22 ± 9 (12–45) Male: 18 ± 5 (13–29) |
79% female; AN | 15 months | Female: 72 ± 35; male: 84 ± 73 | Multidisciplinary |
BMI (female) BMI (male) |
15 ± 2 16 ± 2 |
17 ± 2*** 19 ± 2* |
18 ± 3* 21 ± 3* |
| Bluett et al., 2016, USA | 113 | 19 ± 6 (12–45) |
Female BN, AN, EDNOS |
Multidisciplinary, including CBT, DBT, ACT and applied neuroscience |
EDRC EDQOL BIAQ |
52.5 ± 24.1 47.1 ± 19.8 36.9 ± 17.5 |
29.4 ± 22.6** 21.5 ± 19.7** 54.8 ± 16.5** |
|||
| Bonifacio et al., 2017, Italy | 75/51/51 | 24 ± 4 (13–40) |
Female; BN, AN, BED, EDNOS |
1 month |
BN: 150 ± 0 AN: 147 ± 21 BED: 255 ± 0 EDNOS: 147 ± 15 |
Multidisciplinary |
BMI (AN) BMI (BN) BMI (BED) BMI (EDNOS) |
15.2 ± 1.5 25.4 ± 6.8 45.3 ± 9.4 20.5 ± 4.9 |
18.1 ± 1.5* 24.7 ± 6 41.4 ± 8.6* 19.7 ± 1.3 |
18.6 ± 1.6* 24.8 ± 6.7 39.7 ± 8.4* 22.0 ± 4.8 |
| Brewerton and Costin, 2011a, USA. | 118 |
BN: 30 ± 7 (22–57) AN: 31 ± 9 (17–55) |
Female; BN, AN |
BN: 4 ± 3 years AN: 5 ± 3 years |
BN: 83 ± 51 AN: 94 ± 52 |
Multidisciplinary (Monte Nido) |
BMI (BN) BMI (AN) BDI (BN) BDI (AN) |
20.6 ± 3.1 15.8 ± 1.6 27.4 ± 12.4 29.5 ± 12.2 |
21.2 ± 2.4 18.1 ± 1.4 9.6 ± 8.0† 13.5 ± 9.8† |
20.8 ± 2.8 19.0 ± 3 .3*** |
|
EDI‐2 (BN) EDI‐2 (AN) |
11/11 subscales improve* 10/11 subscales improve* |
|||||||||
| Brewerton and Costin, 2011b, USA |
287/231 |
BN: 30 ± 8 (22–57) AN: 31 ± 8 (17–55) |
Female; BN, AN |
BN: 72 ± 45 AN: 98 ± 65 |
BMI (BN) BMI (AN) |
20.8 ± 3.6 15.9 ± 1.7 |
21.6 ± 4.0 18.2 ± 1.4*** |
|||
|
EDI‐2 (BN) EDI‐2 (AN) |
11/11 subscales improve* 11/11 subscales improve* |
|||||||||
| Delinsky, 2010, USA |
80/36 |
19 ± 2 (13–23) |
Female; BN, AN, EDNOS |
BN: 44 ± 27 AN: 56 ± 26 EDNOS: 48 ± 27 |
Multidisciplinary, including CBT and DBT |
EDE‐Q global BCQ BIAQ BDI QLESQ EBW (AN) |
4.0 ± 1.3 71.6 ± 24.1 36.8 ± 9.9 30.5 ± 13.7 3.0 ± 0.7 81% |
2.6 ± 1.4*** 59.9 ± 23.1*** 34.3 ± 10.2 16.4 ± 14.3*** 3.6 ± 0.7*** 92%† |
||
| Espel, Goldstein, Manasse, Adrienne, & Hall, 2016, USA | 53 | 30 ± 12 (18–63) |
Female; BN, AN, EDNOS |
29 ± 14 | Multidisciplinary, including CBT, feminist‐relational group therapy and individual psychotherapy | EDE‐Q global | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.5*** | ||
| Fortunato et al., 2017, Italy |
36/27 |
27 ± 6 (min age: 18) |
97% female; AN |
377 ± 143 | Multidisciplinary |
BMI MMPI (total) EDI‐3 (total) BUT‐GSI |
15.2 620.5 439.3 2.6 |
17.4*** 581.5† 361.3† 2.0*** |
||
| Fewell et al., 2017, USA | 423/–/65 | 24 ± 10 (11–60) |
95% female; BN, AN, EDNOS, BED |
12 months | 50 ± 27 (includes PHP) | Multidisciplinary, including CBT and DBT |
EDE‐Q CIA BMI BDI PSWQ WHO‐DAS |
4.0 ± 1.5 33.9 ± 0.5 17.7 ± 0.2 31.4 ± 0.7 63.2 ± 0.6 2.3 ± 0.0 |
2.6 ± 1.5*** 20.6 ± 0.6*** 20.4 ± 0.2*** 19.3 ± 0.7*** 57.4 ± 0.7*** 1.9 ± 0.0*** |
2.9 ± 1.4*** 21.4 ± 0.6*** 20.6 ± 0.2*** |
| Fitzpatrick and Weltzin, 2014, USA | 107 | 24 ± 11 | 72% female; BN, AN, EDNOS | 44 ± 23 | Multidisciplinary |
YBC‐EDS‐S YBC‐EDS‐M YBC‐EDS‐EGO |
17.9 ± 7.4 9.4 ± 4.8 4.4 ± 2.4 |
16.6 ± 17.3*** 9.7 ± 5.0*** 4.1 ± 2.3*** |
||
| Juarascio et al., 2013, USA | 105/–/65 | 29 ± 10 (18–55) |
Female; BN, AN |
27 ± 9 |
TAU: Includes psychodynamic, feminist, interpersonal, and CBT components TAU + ACT: Also includes twice‐weekly ACT group treatment |
EDE‐Q global (all) EDE‐Q global (TAU) EDE‐Q global (TAU+ACT) BMI (BN) BMI (AN) |
All subscales improve** | |||
|
4.4 ± 1.2 4.3 ± 1.3 25.3 ± 7.7 17.2 ± 1.9 |
2.9 ± 1.3† 2.4 ± 1.3† 25.5 ± 8.3† 18.7 ± 2.1† |
|||||||||
| Lee, Ong, Twohig, Lensegrav‐Benson, and Quakenbush‐Roberts, 2018, USA | 142/103 | 19 ± 6 (12–45) |
Female; BN, AN, OSFED |
153 ± 65 | Multidisciplinary, including CBT, ACT, DBT and applied neuroscience |
BI‐AAQ AAQ‐II EDRC EDQOL OCI‐R BAI BDI‐II BMI |
55.1 ± 17.4 30.0 ± 10.0 52.2 ± 24.0 46.5 ± 19.9 21.0 ± 15.4 23.2 ± 13.2 28.5 ± 14.0 19.5 ± 3.9 |
36.2 ± 16.0*** 20.2 ± 9.0*** 28.8 ± 22.3*** 21.1 ± 19.7*** 12.6 ± 13.2*** 11.5 ± 10.5*** 9.3 ± 11.7*** 21.9 ± 2.5*** |
||
| Lowe et al., 2003, USA | 472/–/150 |
BN: 25 ± 8 AN: 24 ± 9 (13–61) |
Female; BN, AN, EDNOS |
6 months |
AN: 19 BN: 17 |
Multidisciplinary, including psychodynamic, interpersonal and CBT therapies |
AN BDI EAT‐D EAT‐O BN BDI EAT‐D EAT‐O |
29.2 ± 10.5 23.6 ± 8.9 10.9 ± 4.7 29.1 ± 10.0 22.0 ± 8.5 4.8 ± 4.7 |
17.5 ± 10.6*** 15.1 ± 10.4*** 6.8 ± 4.7*** 18.3 ± 11.2*** 15.1 ± 9.2*** 2.6 ± 2.9*** |
20.2 ± 11.9*** 17.2 ± 10.9*** 6.8 ± 5.2*** 16.9 ± 12.9*** 14.4 ± 9.4** 3.3 ± 3.7** |
| Thompson‐Brenner et al., 2018, USA | 440/–/266 | 25 ± 11 (13–63) | Female; AN, BN, BED, EDNOS/OSFED | 6 months |
TAU: 31 ± 15 UP: 27 ± 10 |
A transdiagnostic, common elements approach (the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders or UP). |
EDE‐Q (TAU) EDE‐Q (UP) CES‐D (TAU) CES‐D (UP) MEAQ (TAU) MEAQ (UP) SMQ (TAU) SMQ (UP) ASI (TAU) ASI (UP) |
Sig refers to comparison between TAU and UP | ||
|
4.1 ± 1.3 4.1 ± 1.4 37.1 ± 12.4 37.7 ± 12.1 229.2 ± 38.8 231.8 ± 40.4 31.0 ± 15.8 30.2 ± 15.9 32.3 ± 12.5 32.1 ± 12.8 |
2.5 ± 1.3 2.5 ± 1.2 25.8 ± 12.4 24.3 ± 11.7 212.2 ± 42.1 198.6 ± 46.4** 37.0 ± 15.9 42.6 ± 17.5** 30.6 ± 13.1 27.5 ± 13.3* |
3.5 ± 1.6 2.5 ± 1.2*** 27.6 ± 134.4 17.7 ± 12.1*** 212.9 ± 43.9 161.1 ± 51.5*** 36.7 ± 16.4 34.8 ± 13.9 28.7 ± 12.1 25.6 ± 12.7 |
||||||||
| Twohig et al., 2016, USA | 250/205 | 19 ± 6 (11–54) |
Female; BN, AN, EDNOS |
Multidisciplinary, including CBT, DBT and ACT |
Adolescents BMI – AN BMI – BN BMI – EDNOS EDI‐3 (all dx) |
16.8 ± 1.5 22.5 ± 2.4 20.0 ± 2.0 |
20.5 ± 1.2*** 23.1 ± 1.7*** 22.0 ± 1.7 |
|||
| 3/3 subscales improve*** | ||||||||||
|
Adults BMI – AN BMI – BN BMI – EDNOS EDI‐3 (all dx) |
16.8 ± 2.2 22.3 ± 4.5 22.9 ± 5.7 |
22.1 ± 1.5*** 23.1 ± 2.3** 24.0 ± 4.4 |
||||||||
| 3/3 subscales improve*** | ||||||||||
| Weltzin et al., 2007, USA | 384 |
Group 1: 22 + 8 Group 2: 23 + 9 Group 3: 23 + 8 Group 4: 20 ± 4 |
86% female; BN, AN, EDNOS |
Group 1: ED only (F): 63 ± 39 Group 2: ED + OCB (F): 71 ± 34 Group 3: ED only (M):67 ± 28 Group 4: ED + OCB (M): 108 ± 54 |
Multidisciplinary, including psychotherapy |
EDI‐2 (total) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 |
102 134 ± 39 73 97 |
59 ± 36* 85 ± 41* 40 ± 26* 51 ± 40* |
||
|
Weltzin et al., 2012, USA |
111 |
Adults: 27 Adolescent: 15 (12–60) |
Male; BN, AN, EDNOS |
61 (8–166) | Multidisciplinary, including CBT |
BMI (AN‐R) BMI (AN‐BP) BMI (BN) BMI (ENDOS) EDE‐Q global BDI STAI CAC |
Mean change 3.5 ± 1.8*** 2.6 ± 2.0*** 0.8 ± 1.2** 0.0 ± 1.7 −1.6 ± 1.3** −13.6 ± 13.6** −20.8 ± 26** −4.8 ± 8.8** |
|||
| Weltzin et al., 2015, USA | 145/–/50 |
Male: 23 ± 10 (16–58) Female: 23 ± 9 (13–53) |
77% female; BN, AN, EDNOS |
7 ± 4 months |
M: 64 ± 32 F: 59 ± 25 |
Multidisciplinary |
EDQOL Overall Males Females |
103.8 ± 2.6 109.0 ± 26.1 98.8 ± 26.2 |
145.3 ± 2.7*** 155.3 ± 23.5 135.4 ± 29.1 |
147.8 ± 24 123.4 ± 35.9 |
Abbreviations; AAQ, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; ACT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; AN, anorexia nervosa; ASI, Anxiety Sensitivity Index; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BCQ, Body Checking Questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BED, binge eating disorder; BIAQ, Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; BN, bulimia nervosa; BSQ, Body Shape Questionnaire; BUT‐GSI, Body Uneasiness Test‐Global Score Index; CAC, Compulsive Activity Checklist; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; CES‐D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale; CIA, Clinical Impairment Assessment; DBT, dialectical behaviour therapy; Dx, diagnosis; EAT, Eating Attitudes Test; EAT‐D, dieting subscale of EAT; EAT‐O, self‐control subscale of EAT; EBW, expected body weight; EDNOS, eating disorder not otherwise specified; EDRC, Eating Disorders Risk Composite; EDEQ, Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire; EDI, eating disorders interview; EDQOL, Eating Disorders Quality of Life; EOT, end of treatment; MEAQ, The Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire; MMPI, Multiphasic Personality Inventory; OSFED, other specified feeding and eating disorder; PAI, Personality Assessment Inventory; PHP, partial hospitalisation program; PSWQ, Penn State Worry Questionnaire; QLESQ, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire; SATAQ, Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale; SD, standard deviation; SMQ, Southampton Mindfulness Scale; STAI, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; TAU, treatment as usual; WHO‐DAS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule; YBC‐EDS‐BSR, Yale‐Brown‐Cornell Eating Disorder Scale – Brief Self‐Report; YBC‐EDS‐M, motivation Subscale of YBC‐EDC; and YBC‐EDS‐EGO, egosyntonic Subscale of YBC‐EDS.
Significant values are denoted as follows: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. †Refers to values in which the statistical significance has not been provided for a measure or time point.