Figure 1.

Experimental designs. A, In the first experiment, the effect of SP‐11 on partial restraint stress (PRS)‐induced visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension was evaluated. B, The second experiment aimed to investigate the effect of SP‐11 on stress‐associated changes of plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels as well as gut permeability, mast cell number, and activation (RMCPII expression). C, In the last experiment, the effect of SP‐11 on PRS‐induced gut transit time acceleration was analyzed