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. 2020 May 8;14:1757–1769. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S243053

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Summary of key T2 cytokines and cells with established roles in sustaining T2 inflammation and key sources of IL-4 and IL-13. IL-4 and IL-13 are secreted from several cellular sources and along with other key T2 cytokines such as IL-5, IL-33, IL-25 and TSLP can lead to further IL-4 with or without IL-13 secretion depending on the cell type. This leads to immune amplification and auto-inflammatory loops that sustain mucosal disease and contribute to airway disease severity. ILC2 cells, particularly in response to IL-33 secrete large amount IL-13 as well as IL-5.