Table 5.
Relative risk for cardiovascular risk parameters according to participants who reached and maintained a serum 25(OH)D concentration < 100 nmol/L at follow-up (n= 1081 for most variables) and those who did not (n= 1939 for most variables).
| Cardiovascular disease risk parameter | <100 nmol/L, n (%) | >100 nmol/L, n (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal obesity | 572 (53%) | 755 (39%) | 1.43 (1.30 to 1.58) |
| Ethnic-based abdominal obesity | 403 (39%) | 453 (25%) | 1.51 (1.38 to 1.67) |
| Hypertension | 220 (20%) | 308 (16%) | 1.21 (1.08 to 1.35) |
| Inflammation (≥3 mg/L) | 273 (26%) | 339 (18%) | 1.34 (1.20 to 1.48) |
| Inflammation (≥2 mg/L) | 412 (39%) | 550 (29%) | 1.33 (1.20 to 1.46) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 310 (29%) | 403 (21%) | 1.30 (1.18 to 1.44) |
| Low HDL | 235 (22%) | 270 (14%) | 1.38 (1.24 to 1.54) |
| High LDL | 328 (30%) | 665 (34%) | 0.89 (0.80 to 0.99) |
| Elevated FBG | 261 (24%) | 350 (18%) | 1.25 (1.13 to 1.40) |
| Prediabetes | 253 (23%) | 390 (20%) | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) |
| Diabetes | 94 (9%) | 79 (4%) | 1.57 (1.35 to 1.81) |
| Insulin resistance | 230 (25%) | 266 (17%) | 1.32 (1.18 to 1.48) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 233 (22%) | 255 (13%) | 1.43 (1.28 to 1.59) |
| Framingham risk level (≥10%) | 259 (24%) | 412 (21%) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) |
| Reynold’s risk score (≥5%) | 218 (21%) | 405 (22%) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.10) |