Table 6.
Odds for cardiovascular risk parameters at follow-up, after one year of treatment. Binary Logistic Regression Models adjusted for all the covariates which were significant predictor in univariate analyses.
| Cardiovascular disease risk parameter | After one year of treatment | OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnic-based abdominal obesity (n = 485, R2 = 0.13, P<.001) |
Age | 1.02 | 1.01 to 1.03 | .002a |
| Gender (male) | 3.08 | 2.16 to 4.40 | <.001a | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .005a | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.40 | 0.06 to 2.57 | .3 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.36 | 0.06 to 2.20 | .2 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.24 | 0.04 to 1.50 | .1 | |
| ≥125 | 0.16 | 0.03 to 1.00 | .05a | |
| Vitamin B19 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .2 | |
| AA:EPA | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.05 | .4 | |
| Current smoking (yes) | 1.00 | 0.61 to 1.63 | .9 | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP>2) | 4.25 | 2.98 to 6.06 | <.001a | |
| Fruit consumption (no) | Ref. | .08 | ||
| 1 to 2 servings/day | 1.35 | 0.41 to 5.31 | .6 | |
| 3 to 4 servings/day | 1.61 | 0.49 to 5.31 | .4 | |
| 5 & more servings/day | 0.77 | 0.22 to 2.72 | .6 | |
| Hypertension (n = 330, R2 = 0.21, P<.001) |
Age | 1.02 | 1.01 to 1.03 | .001a |
| Gender (male) | 1.83 | 1.03 to 3.25 | .03a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .05a | ||
| Aboriginal | 0.76 | 0.17 to 3.48 | .7 | |
| Asian | 0.27 | 0.06 to 1.30 | .1 | |
| European | 2.49 | 0.87 to 7.10 | .08 | |
| African/Latin American | 2.50 | 0.48 to 13.07 | .2 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .1 | ||
| 50 to <75 nmol/L | 0.50 | 0.17 to 1.50 | .2 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.33 | 0.11 to 0.98 | .04a | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.37 | 0.13 to 1.00 | .05a | |
| ≥125 | 0.41 | 0.14 to 1.22 | .1 | |
| Vitamin B19 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .4 | |
| AA:EPA | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 | .5 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 2.50 | 1.37 to 4.58 | .003a | |
| PMH (hypertension) at baseline | 2.65 | 1.91 to 3.69 | <.001a | |
| Hypertension medication (yes) | 1.08 | 0.51 to 2.30 | .8 | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP>2) | 1.27 | 0.97 to 1.67 | .08 | |
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 1.37 | 1.03 to 1.84 | .03a | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (n = 646, R2 = 0.15, P<.001) | Age | 1.02 | 1.01 to 1.03 | .002a |
| Gender (male) | 1.41 | 1.04 to 1.90 | .02a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .1 | ||
| Aboriginal | 2.02 | 1.10 to 3.71 | .02a | |
| Asian | 0.93 | 0.51 to 1.68 | .8 | |
| European | 0.90 | 0.43 to 1.88 | .8 | |
| African/Latin American | 0.51 | 0.17 to 1.59 | .2 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | <.001a | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.94 | 0.28 to 3.20 | .9 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.66 | 0.20 to 2.19 | .4 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.36 | 0.27 to 0.89 | .05a | |
| ≥125 | 0.35 | 0.14 to 0.91 | .05a | |
| Vitamin B19 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .4 | |
| AA:EPA | 0.97 | 0.95 to 1.01 | .1 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 2.97 | 2.17 to 4.08 | <.001a | |
| Current smoking (yes) | 1.45 | 0.99 to 2.14 | .06 | |
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 0.94 | 0.66 to 1.33 | .7 | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP≥2) | 1.25 | 0.91 to 1.73 | .1 | |
| Low HDL (n = 417, R2 = 0.10, P<.001) |
Age | 1.002 | 0.99 to 1.02 | .7 |
| Gender (male) | 0.68 | 0.55 to 0.84 | <.001a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .6 | ||
| Aboriginal | 0.81 | 0.27 to 2.40 | .7 | |
| Asian | 0.64 | 0.28 to 1.47 | .2 | |
| European | 0.51 | 0.17 to 1.55 | .2 | |
| African/Latin American | 1.18 | 0.27 to 5.13 | .8 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .01a | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.98 | 0.10 to 9.89 | .9 | |
| 75 to < 100 | 0.47 | 0.20 to 1.10 | .08 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.37 | 0.16 to 0.89 | .02a | |
| ≥125 | 0.38 | 0.16 to 0.90 | .03a | |
| Vitamin B19 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .3 | |
| AA:EPA | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.05 | .7 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 3.05 | 2.01 to 4.63 | <.001a | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP>2) | 1.69 | 1.11 to 2.56 | .01a | |
| Fish consumption (No) | Ref. | .1 | ||
| One serving/week | 0.64 | 0.35 to 1.18 | .1 | |
| Two servings/week | 0.76 | 0.43 to 1.36 | .3 | |
| 3 & more servings/week | 0.53 | 0.29 to 0.95 | .03a | |
| Current smoking (yes) | 1.02 | 0.58 to 1.79 | .9 | |
| Elevated FBG (n = 202, R2 = 0.44, P<.001) |
Age | 1.06 | 1.03 to 1.08 | <.001a |
| Gender (male) | 1.75 | 0.95 to 3.23 | .07 | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .6 | ||
| Aboriginal | 0.53 | 0.06 to 5.18 | .5 | |
| Asian | 1.05 | 0.33 to 3.33 | .9 | |
| European | 0.40 | 0.08 to 1.95 | .2 | |
| African/Latin American | 3.85 | 0.28 to 52.91 | .3 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .1 | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.32 | 0.05 to 1.95 | .2 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.44 | 0.08 to 2.58 | .3 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.37 | 0.06 to 2.18 | .2 | |
| ≥125 | 0.28 | 0.04 to 1.67 | .1 | |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .1 | |
| AA:EPA | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.06 | .8 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 4.77 | 2.51 to 9.08 | <.001a | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP≥2) | 1.43 | 0.76 to 2.69 | .2 | |
| PMH (diabetes) at baseline | 11.8 | 3.90 to 36.10 | <.001a | |
| Diabetic medication (yes) | 8.26 | 4.40 to 15.51 | <.001a | |
| Fruit consumption (no) | Ref. | .8 | ||
| 1 to 2 servings/day | 0.43 | 0.06 to 3.12 | .4 | |
| 3 to 4 servings/day | 0.38 | 0.05 to 2.81 | .3 | |
| 5 & more servings/day | 0.46 | 0.06 to 3.88 | .4 | |
| Metabolic syndrome (n = 289, R2 = 0.26, P<.001) |
Age | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.03 | .09 |
| Gender (male) | 0.98 | 0.68 to 1.42 | .9 | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .01 | ||
| Aboriginal | 0.14 | 0.03 to 0.68 | .01a | |
| Asian | 0.32 | 0.14 to 0.73 | .007a | |
| European | 0.95 | 0.47 to 1.97 | .9 | |
| African/Latin American | 0.75 | 0.22 to 2.50 | .6 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .5 | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.30 | 0.05 to 2.10 | .2 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.37 | 0.06 to 2.49 | .3 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.28 | 0.04 to 1.00 | .05a | |
| ≥125 | 0.28 | 0.04 to 1.00 | .05a | |
| Vitamin B12 (≥ 450 pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .2 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 6.65 | 4.57 to 9.71 | <.001a | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP ≥2) | 1.18 | 0.82 to 1.69 | .3 | |
| AA:EPA | 1.04 | 0.97 to 1.12 | .3 | |
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 1.32 | 0.57 to 3.09 | .5 | |
| PMH (hypertension) | 1.78 | 1.23 to 2.58 | .002a | |
| PMH (diabetes) | 4.62 | 2.81 to 7.61 | <.001a | |
| Fish consumption (No) | Ref. | .7 | ||
| One serving/week | 0.90 | 0.35 to 2.31 | .8 | |
| Two servings/week | 0.75 | 0.30 to 1.89 | .5 | |
| 3 & more servings/week | 0.65 | 0.26 to 1.63 | .3 | |
| Insulin resistance (n = 356, R2 = 0.41, P<.001) |
Age | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | .5 |
| Gender (male) | 2.31 | 1.39 to 3.87 | .001a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .2 | ||
| Aboriginal | 3.23 | 1.00 to 10.64 | .05a | |
| Asian | 0.54 | 0.20 to 1.49 | .2 | |
| European | 0.80 | 0.26 to 2.45 | .7 | |
| African/Latin American | 0.71 | 0.14 to 3.57 | .6 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .02 | ||
| 50-<75 | 0.81 | 0.06 to 12.09 | .8 | |
| 75-<100 | 0.50 | 0.04 to 7.34 | .6 | |
| 100-<125 | 0.27 | 0.02 to 4.02 | .3 | |
| ≥125 | 0.20 | 0.01 to 3.08 | .2 | |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .4 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 9.09 | 5.24 to 15.77 | <.001a | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP≥2) | 1.58 | 0.92 to 2.72 | .09 | |
| AA:EPA | 0.94 | 0.89 to 0.99 | .01a | |
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 0.84 | 0.47 to 1.50 | .5 | |
| PMH (diabetes) | 11.71 | 4.57 to 30.06 | <.001a | |
| Diabetes (n=422, R2 = 0.43, P<.001) |
Age | 1.04 | 1.01 to 1.07 | .01a |
| Gender (male) | 1.97 | 0.96 to 4.07 | .06 | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .01a | ||
| Aboriginal | 1.14 | 0.19 to 6.91 | .8 | |
| Asian | 5.11 | 1.85 to 14.11 | .002a | |
| European | 1.02 | 0.19 to 5.45 | .9 | |
| African/Latin American | 6.34 | 1.20 to 33.44 | .02a | |
| 25(OH)D (< 50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .6 | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.23 | 0.02 to 3.26 | .2 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.28 | 0.02 to 3.55 | .3 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.19 | 0.02 to 1.00 | .05a | |
| ≥125 | 0.17 | 0.01 to 1.00 | .05a | |
| Ethnic-based BMI, kg/m2 | 3.59 | 1.66 to 7.74 | .001a | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP≥2) | 1.83 | 0.84 to 3.99 | .1 | |
| Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .8 | |
| AA:EPA | 0.98 | 0.91 to 1.05 | .9 | |
| PMH (diabetes) at baseline | 40.27 | 16.98 to 95.48 | <.001a | |
| Framingham high risk level (n = 644, R2 = 0.59, P<.001) |
Age | 1.20 | 1.17 to 1.24 | <.001a |
| Gender (male) | 59.4 | 27.93 to 126.30 | <.001a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .7 | ||
| Aboriginal | 0.97 | 0.26 to 3.68 | .9 | |
| Asian | 0.77 | 0.26 to 2.31 | .6 | |
| European | 1.39 | 0.51 to 3.79 | .5 | |
| African/Latin American | 2.11 | 0.50 to 8.98 | .3 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .4 | ||
| 50 to <75 | 1.26 | 0.10 to 15.33 | .8 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.97 | 0.09 to 11.21 | .9 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.77 | 0.07 to 8.80 | .6 | |
| ≥125 | 0.58 | 0.05 to 0.99 | .05a | |
| Currently smoking (yes) | 4.92 | 2.44 to 9.90 | <.001a | |
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 1.38 | 0.76 to 2.51 | .2 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 4.41 | 2.56 to 7.58 | <.001” | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP≥2) | 1.20 | 0.71 to 2.04 | .4 | |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .08 | |
| AA:EPA | 0.94 | 0.90 to 1.00 | .054 | |
| Reynold’s risk score (n = 637, R2 = 0.63, P<.001) |
Age | 1.31 | 1.25 to 1.38 | <.001a |
| Gender (male) | 31.6 | 14.45 to 69.30 | <.001a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .2 | ||
| Aboriginal | 2.89 | 0.78 to 10.71 | .1 | |
| Asian | 0.19 | 0.03 to 1.20 | .07 | |
| European | 1.10 | 0.36 to 3.36 | .8 | |
| African/Latin American | 1.30 | 0.21 to 8.02 | .7 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .4 | ||
| 50 to <75 | 1.26 | 0.10 to 15.33 | .8 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.97 | 0.09 to 11.21 | .9 | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.50 | 0.15 to 1.67 | .2 | |
| ≥125 | 0.59 | 0.18 to 1.97 | .3 | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 2.30 | 1.25 to 4.24 | .008a | |
| Currently smoking (yes) | 6.90 | 2.98 to 15.98 | <.001a | |
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 1.46 | 0.72 to 2.98 | .2 | |
| Inflammation (hs-CRP≥2) | 2.27 | 1.25 to 4.14 | .007a | |
| Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .01a | |
| AA:EPA | 0.97 | 0.92 to 1.04 | .5 | |
| Inflammation (n = 646, R2 = 0.19, P<.001) |
Age | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.02 | .01a |
| Gender (male) | 0.71 | 0.55 to 0.93 | .01a | |
| Ethnicity (North American) | Ref. | .06 | ||
| Aboriginal | 1.48 | 0.82 to 2.67 | .1 | |
| Asian | 0.47 | 0.26 to 0.86 | .01a | |
| European | 1.19 | 0.64 to 2.23 | .5 | |
| African/Latin American | 0.69 | 0.28 to 1.71 | .4 | |
| 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) | Ref. | .001a | ||
| 50 to <75 | 0.75 | 0.43 to 1.32 | .3 | |
| 75 to <100 | 0.56 | 0.32 to 0.97 | .03a | |
| 100 to <125 | 0.50 | 0.29 to 0.87 | .01a | |
| ≥125 | 0.51 | 0.29 to 0.88 | .01a | |
| Ethnic-based BMI (kg/m2) | 4.24 | 3.22 to 5.60 | <.001a | |
| Currently smoking (yes) | 1.59 | 1.12 to 2.27 | .01a | |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | .1 | |
| AA:EPA | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.05 | .09 |
aCorrelation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed)
Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; BMI, body mass index; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; CI, confidence interval; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; OR, odds ratio; PMH, past medical history.