Table 1. Population characteristics.
|
Received ACT (n = 326) |
Well-controlled asthma (n = 213) | Poorly controlled asthma (n = 113) | Well-controlled vs. poorly controlled | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | P | |
| Residential area | ||||
| Urban | 220 (67) | 149 (70) | 71 (63) | 0.215* |
| Rural | 106 (33) | 64 (30) | 42 (37) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 104 (32) | 81 (38) | 23 (20) | 0.001* |
| Female | 222 (68) | 132 (62) | 90 (80) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 16–30 | 62 (19) | 40 (19) | 22 (19) | |
| 31–40 | 87 (27) | 64 (30) | 23 (20) | 0.361‡ |
| 41–50 | 177 (54) | 109 (51) | 68 (60) | |
| Education (years) | ||||
| Elementary school (1–2) | 44 (13) | 24 (11) | 20 (18) | |
| Upper secondary and certificate (2–4) | 133 (41) | 83 (39) | 50 (44) | 0.026‡ |
| University (≥ 4) | 149 (46) | 106 (50) | 43 (38) | |
| Smoking habits | ||||
| Never smoker | 177 (54) | 133 (62) | 44 (39) | |
| Past smoker | 92 (28) | 51 (24) | 41 (36) | <0.001† |
| Current smoker | 57 (17) | 29 (14) | 28 (25) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Normal weight (≤ 24.9) | 119 (37) | 87 (41) | 32 (28) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 111 (34) | 73 (34) | 38 (34) | 0.006‡ |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 96 (29) | 53 (25) | 43 (38) | |
| Allergy | ||||
| No | 92 (28) | 63 (30) | 29 (26) | 0.518* |
| Yes | 234 (72) | 150 (70) | 84 (74) | |
| Occupational VGDF previous 12 months | ||||
| No | 245 (75) | 163 (77) | 82 (73) | 0.501* |
| Yes | 81 (25) | 50 (23) | 31 (27) | |
| N (Poorly-/well-controlled)# | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
| Blood samples | ||||
| IgE (Ku/L, ref** >87) | 323 (112/211) | 48 (128) | 74 (196) | 0.179§ |
| CRP (mg/L, ref** <5) | 323 (112/211) | 1.3 (2.0) | 2.0 (2.6) | 0.005§ |
| FeNO (ppb, ref** <25) | 307 (103/204) | 14.5 (14) | 11.0 (12) | 0.002§ |
| N (Poorly/well controlled)# | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Spirometry | ||||
| Pre-bronchodilator | ||||
| FVC, % predicted | 311 (106/205) | 97.6 (11.7) | 94.0 (14.2) | 0.027¶ |
| FEV1, % predicted | 311 (106/205) | 91.2 (14.4) | 86.9 (17.3) | 0.031¶ |
| FEV1/FVC ratio in % | 311 (106/205) | 75.9 (8.0) | 75.0 (8.8) | 0.381¶ |
| Post-bronchodilator | ||||
| FVC, % predicted | 279 (91/188) | 98.8 (11.1) | 97.0 (13.3) | 0.252¶ |
| FEV1, % predicted | 279 (91/188) | 95.2 (13.2) | 92.0 (15.4) | 0.092¶ |
| FEV1/FVC ratio in % | 279 (91/188) | 78.4 (7.6) | 77.2 (8.3) | 0.259¶ |
Statistically significant findings (p < 0.05) are in bold
* Fisher’s exact probability test
**Reference values
† Pearson’s chi-squared test
‡ Trend
§ Mann–Whitney test
¶ t-test
# Number of missing: IgE and CRP n = 3, FeNO n = 19, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio Pre-bronchodilator n = 15, Post-bronchodilator n = 47
ACT = asthma control test; VGDF = vapor, gas, dust, or fumes; FeNO = fraction of exhaled nitric oxide; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation