Table 3. The relationship between parental lifestyle factors and breakfast habits of children.
| Frequency of eating breakfast | Person with whom children eat breakfast | |||||
| Breakfast skipping n (%) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
Alone n (%) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 43 (5.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 77 (9.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 61 (7.5) | 1.44 (0.97–2.16) | 1.54 (1.01–2.34)* | 72 (8.8) | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 0.96 (0.68–1.36) |
| Grade | ||||||
| 1 | 14 (5.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24 (8.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 10 (3.7) | 0.72 (0.32–1.66) | 0.63 (0.27–1.46) | 25 (9.2) | 1.08 (0.60–1.93) | 1.13 (0.62–2.07) |
| 3 | 15 (5.5) | 1.10 (0.52–2.34) | 0.90 (0.42–1.95) | 19 (7.0) | 0.80 (0.43–1.49) | 0.78 (0.41–1.49) |
| 4 | 18 (7.5) | 1.53 (0.74–3.14) | 1.16 (0.55–2.47) | 18 (7.5) | 0.86 (0.45–1.62) | 0.76 (0.39–1.49) |
| 5 | 32 (11.3) | 2.41 (1.26–4.63)* | 1.82 (0.91–3.63) | 25 (8.9) | 1.03 (0.57–1.85) | 0.96 (0.52–1.80) |
| 6 | 15 (5.2) | 1.03 (0.49–2.17) | 0.75 (0.34–1.64) | 38 (13.1) | 1.60 (0.93–2.74) | 1.35 (0.75–2.42) |
| Sleeping hours, hours | ||||||
| <8 | 31 (9.1) | 3.09 (1.53–6.26)* | 2.30 (1.08–4.90)* | 43 (12.6) | 1.66 (1.01–2.75)* | 1.39 (0.80–2.41) |
| 8–9 | 62 (6.6) | 2.17 (1.13–4.17)* | 1.71 (0.86–3.39) | 78 (8.3) | 1.04 (0.66–1.63) | 0.95 (0.59–1.53) |
| ≥9 | 11 (3.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 28 (8.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Screen time, hours | ||||||
| <1 | 9 (3.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 17 (6.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2 | 35 (4.7) | 1.37 (0.65–2.89) | 1.44 (0.67–3.09) | 50 (6.7) | 1.02 (0.58–1.81) | 0.95 (0.53–1.70) |
| ≥2 | 60 (9.5) | 2.90 (1.42–5.94)* | 2.75 (1.30–5.82)* | 82 (13.0) | 2.11 (1.23–3.64)* | 1.75 (0.99–3.09) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Very often | 30 (6.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 41 (9.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Often | 45 (6.1) | 0.93 (0.58–1.50) | 0.89 (0.54–1.46) | 55 (7.5) | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) |
| Rarely or almost never | 29 (6.5) | 0.99 (0.58–1.67) | 0.77 (0.44–1.34) | 53 (11.9) | 1.37 (0.89–2.10) | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) |
| Family members | ||||||
| Only parent(s) | 71 (6.6) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 1.15 (0.74–1.79) | 111 (10.3) | 1.58 (1.07–2.31)* | 1.64 (1.11–2.43)* |
| Not only parent(s) | 33 (5.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 38 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Maternal employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 95 (6.8) | 1.89 (0.94–3.80) | 1.58 (0.77–3.23) | 125 (9.0) | 0.89 (0.56–1.41) | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) |
| Not employed | 9 (3.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24 (10.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Family affluence | ||||||
| Affluent | 73 (6.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 110 (9.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not affluent | 31 (7.6) | 1.31 (0.84–2.02) | 1.12 (0.71–1.76) | 39 (9.6) | 1.08 (0.73–1.58) | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) |
| Paternal BHPS | ||||||
| Good (6–7) | 17 (4.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 21 (5.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (4–5) | 26 (3.7) | 0.76 (0.41–1.41) | 0.67 (0.35–1.27) | 62 (8.7) | 1.52 (0.91–2.54) | 1.31 (0.77–2.22) |
| Poor (0–3) | 61 (10.8) | 2.41 (1.39–4.20)* | 1.78 (0.97–3.26) | 66 (11.7) | 2.11 (1.27–3.51)* | 1.47 (0.85–2.54) |
| Maternal BHPS | ||||||
| Good (6–7) | 22 (4.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 21 (4.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (4–5) | 52 (5.8) | 1.19 (0.71–1.98) | 0.98 (0.57–1.68) | 87 (9.7) | 2.18 (1.33–3.56)* | 1.87 (1.13–3.11)* |
| Poor (0–3) | 30 (10.2) | 2.19 (1.24–3.88)* | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) | 41 (14.0) | 3.28 (1.90–5.69)* | 2.42 (1.34–4.35)* |
BHPS, Breslow’s seven health practice score; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
In multivariate model, all of the variables were simultaneously entered.
*P < 0.05.