Table 4. The relationship between parental lifestyle factors and the frequency of vegetable intake or snacking of children.
| Frequency of vegetable intake | Frequency of snacking | |||||
| Sometimes or almost never n (%) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
twice a day or more n (%) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 169 (20.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100 (12.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 146 (17.8) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 103 (12.6) | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) | 1.17 (0.87–1.59) |
| Grade | ||||||
| 1 | 59 (21.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 35 (12.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 56 (20.7) | 0.97 (0.64–1.46) | 0.89 (0.58–1.37) | 34 (12.5) | 1.00 (0.60–1.65) | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) |
| 3 | 49 (18.1) | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 0.71 (0.45–1.10) | 33 (12.2) | 0.96 (0.58–1.60) | 0.91 (0.54–1.54) |
| 4 | 55 (22.9) | 1.10 (0.73–1.67) | 0.88 (0.57–1.37) | 29 (12.1) | 0.95 (0.56–1.61) | 0.88 (0.51–1.53) |
| 5 | 49 (17.4) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.62 (0.40–0.98)* | 32 (11.3) | 0.89 (0.53–1.48) | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) |
| 6 | 47 (16.2) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | 0.53 (0.33–0.83)* | 40 (13.8) | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 0.96 (0.57–1.62) |
| Sleeping hours, hours | ||||||
| <8 | 72 (21.2) | 1.27 (0.87–1.86) | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) | 49 (14.4) | 1.14 (0.74–1.76) | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) |
| 8–9 | 182 (19.3) | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 109 (11.6) | 0.89 (0.61–1.29) | 0.84 (0.57–1.24) |
| ≥9 | 61 (17.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 45 (12.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Screen time, hours | ||||||
| <1 | 25 (9.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 13 (5.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2 | 131 (17.7) | 2.00 (1.27–3.15)* | 1.81 (1.14–2.87)* | 85 (11.5) | 2.44 (1.34–4.45)* | 2.56 (1.39–4.70)* |
| ≥2 | 159 (25.2) | 3.13 (2.00–4.91)* | 2.68 (1.68–4.28)* | 105 (16.6) | 3.75 (2.07–6.81)* | 4.16 (2.26–7.68)* |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Very often | 68 (14.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 62 (13.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Often | 134 (18.3) | 1.28 (0.93–1.75) | 1.25 (0.90–1.74) | 93 (12.7) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | 0.86 (0.61–1.23) |
| Rarely or almost never | 113 (25.4) | 1.94 (1.39–2.71)* | 1.84 (1.30–2.61)* | 48 (10.8) | 0.77 (0.51–1.15) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) |
| Family members | ||||||
| Only parent(s) | 183 (17.0) | 0.66 (0.52–0.85)* | 0.66 (0.51–0.86)* | 141 (13.1) | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) |
| Not only parent(s) | 132 (23.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 62 (11.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Maternal employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 274 (19.7) | 1.20 (0.83–1.72) | 1.18 (0.81–1.73) | 178 (12.8) | 1.27 (0.81–1.97) | 1.27 (0.80–2.00) |
| Not employed | 41 (17.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 25 (10.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Family affluence | ||||||
| Affluent | 212 (17.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 144 (11.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not affluent | 103 (25.4) | 1.63 (1.24–2.13)* | 1.52 (1.15–2.01)* | 59 (14.5) | 1.28 (0.92–1.77) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) |
| Paternal BHPS | ||||||
| Good (6–7) | 58 (16.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 38 (10.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (4–5) | 132 (18.6) | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 93 (13.1) | 1.26 (0.84–1.88) | 1.16 (0.77–1.76) |
| Poor (0–3) | 125 (22.1) | 1.46 (1.03–2.06)* | 1.17 (0.81–1.71) | 72 (12.7) | 1.22 (0.81–1.86) | 1.01 (0.64–1.59) |
| Maternal BHPS | ||||||
| Good (6–7) | 75 (16.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 51 (11.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (4–5) | 175 (19.6) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 1.01 (0.74–1.39) | 110 (12.3) | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) |
| Poor (0–3) | 65 (22.2) | 1.41 (0.97–2.04) | 1.00 (0.66–1.50) | 42 (14.3) | 1.29 (0.83–2.00) | 1.07 (0.66–1.72) |
BHPS, Breslow’s seven health practice score; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
In multivariate model, all of the variables were simultaneously entered.
*P < 0.05.