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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Interpers Violence. 2019 Nov 13;36(21-22):10753–10774. doi: 10.1177/0886260519888206

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Hypothesized relationship of bystander intervention programming, bystander actions, violence acceptance, and sexual violence. Literature supports that bystander interventions have (a) short-term direct effects on violence acceptance and bystander actions and (b) longer-term total effects on sexual violence, but have only hypothesized that (c) the effect of the intervention occurs through changes in violence acceptance and bystander actions.