Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Before and After 1:1 Propensity Score Matching
| Characteristic | Before Matching | After Matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP1 Agonist | SGLT2 Inhibitor | Standardized Difference* | GLP1 Agonist | SGLT2 Inhibitor | Standardized Difference* | |
| Patients, n | 143 958 | 151 949 | – | 119 530 | 119 530 | – |
| Female, n (%) | 79 738 (55.4) | 68 331 (45.0) | 0.21 | 57 580 (51.7) | 57 953 (52.0) | 0.01 |
| Mean age (SD), y | 54.04 (10.29) | 54.62 (9.73) | 0.058 | 54.23 (10.08) | 54.22 (9.85) | 0.002 |
| Mean hemoglobin A1c level (SD), %† | 8.6 (1.9) | 8.6 (1.8) | 0.038 | 8.6 (1.92) | 8.7 (1.84) | 0.048 |
| Mean creatinine level (SD), mg/dL†‡ | 0.91 (0.29) | 0.89 (0.22) | 0.063 | 0.90 (0.26) | 0.88 (0.23) | 0.088 |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 6917 (4.8) | 6667 (4.4) | 0.02 | 5437 (4.5) | 5309 (4.4) | 0.005 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 17 937 (12.5) | 16 060 (10.6) | 0.059 | 13 674 (11.4) | 13 602 (11.4) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 9501 (6.6) | 6751 (4.4) | 0.095 | 6190 (5.2) | 6024 (5.0) | 0.006 |
| Cerebral vascular disease | 1885 (1.3) | 1763 (1.2) | 0.014 | 1473 (1.2) | 1440 (1.2) | 0.003 |
| Coronary artery disease | 13 886 (9.6) | 14 234 (9.4) | 0.009 | 11 092 (9.3) | 11 077 (9.3) | 0 |
| Hypertension | 96 972 (67.4) | 104 368 (68.7) | 0.028 | 80 946 (67.7) | 80 862 (67.6) | 0.002 |
| Dyslipidemia | 94 285 (65.5) | 104 955 (69.1) | 0.076 | 80 005 (66.9) | 79 826 (66.8) | 0.003 |
| Smoking | 6837 (4.7) | 7164 (4.7) | 0.002 | 5603 (4.7) | 5604 (4.7) | 0 |
| Heart failure | 3672 (2.6) | 2903 (1.9) | 0.043 | 2578 (2.2) | 2502 (2.1) | 0.004 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 19 989 (13.9) | 15 324 (10.1) | 0.117 | 14 194 (11.9) | 13 979 (11.7) | 0.006 |
| Obesity or overweight | 43 366 (30.1) | 35 052 (23.1) | 0.16 | 31 609 (26.4) | 31 579 (26.4) | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4483 (3.1) | 1743 (1.1) | 0.137 | 1961 (1.6) | 1732 (1.4) | 0.016 |
| Diabetes medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Metformin | 92 918 (64.5) | 91 741 (60.4) | 0.086 | 75 495 (63.2) | 75 900 (63.5) | 0.007 |
| Sulfonylurea | 43 982 (30.6) | 50 862 (33.5) | 0.063 | 37 926 (31.7) | 38 062 (31.8) | 0.002 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 21 916 (15.2) | 31 776 (20.9) | 0.148 | 20 281 (17.0) | 20 180 (16.9) | 0.002 |
| Insulin | 43 510 (30.2) | 31 980 (21.0) | 0.211 | 30 193 (25.3) | 30 053 (25.1) | 0.003 |
| Other medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Statin | 84 283 (58.5) | 91 302 (60.1) | 0.031 | 70 436 (58.9) | 70 350 (58.9) | 0.001 |
| Diuretic | 28 170 (19.6) | 23 017 (15.1) | 0.117 | 20 509 (17.2) | 20 455 (17.1) | 0.001 |
| Oral steroid | 15 453 (10.7) | 14 283 (9.4) | 0.044 | 12 012 (10.0) | 12 053 (10.1) | 0.001 |
| Anti-inflammatory medication§ | 28 291 (19.7) | 28 078 (18.5) | 0.03 | 22 967 (19.2) | 22 988 (19.2) | 0 |
| Health care use, n (%) | ||||||
| Endocrinologist visit | 32 205 (22.4) | 25 036 (16.5) | 0.149 | 22 690 (19.0) | 22 636 (18.9) | 0.001 |
| General practitioner visit | 119 821 (83.2) | 128 278 (84.4) | 0.032 | 100 022 (83.7) | 99 961 (83.6) | 0.001 |
| Emergency department visit | 20 127 (14.0) | 17 900 (11.8) | 0.066 | 15 382 (12.9) | 15 388 (12.9) | 0 |
| Colonoscopy | 6195 (4.3) | 6576 (4.3) | 0.001 | 5158 (4.3) | 5176 (4.3) | 0.001 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 4746 (3.3) | 4511 (3.0) | 0.019 | 3749 (3.1) | 3730 (3.1) | 0.001 |
DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP1 = glucagon-like peptide-1; SGLT2 = sodium–glucose cotransporter-2.
*
Values <0.1 indicate adequate balance.
†
Available for about 6% of patients.
‡
To convert to SI units (micromoles per liter), multiply by 88.4.
§
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including coxibs.