Table 4.
Effects of artemisinins and its derivatives on inflammation.
| Disease model | Cell line(s)/ stimulus/ allergen/ animal type | Derivative | Effective conc./ dose; route of administration | Outcomes | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in vitro | Asthma | CSE/ OVA-induced airway inflammation in BEAS-2B | Artesunate | 10 μM | ↓ IL-8; ↑ HDAC2 activity | [50] |
| BEAS-2B | Artesunate | 10 μM | ↓ IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, p-Akt, p-tuberin, p-p70S6K, p-4EBP, MCP-1, and NF-κB transactivation | [74] | ||
| COPD | BEAS-2B | Artesunate | 30 μM | ↓ p-Akt, p-p44/42; ↑ Nrf2 | [51] | |
| ALI | LPS-induced ALI in A549 |
Artesunate | 1−4 μM | ↓ IL-6, IL-8 | [52] | |
| BEAS-2B | BDHA | 30 μM | ↑ Nrf2 | [67] | ||
| in vivo | Asthma | OVA; BALB/c mice | DHA | 50 mg/kg/day; i.p. | ↓ IL-17, IL-1b, TNFa, IL-6, STAT3, miR-183−5p, miR-96−5pm, miR-182−5p; ↑ IFN-γ, IL-10, Foxo1 | [76] |
| COPD (lung injury) | CSE exposure; BALB/c mice | Artesunate | 30 and 100 mg/kg; oral gavage | ↓ total and differential cell counts, IL-1β, MCP-1, IP-10, KC, TNF-α, MIP-2α, TGFβ, MMP9, TIMP1, iNOS, NOX2, 8-iso, 8-OHdG, 3-NT; ↑ catalase activity | [51] | |
| Allergic rhinitis | OVA; BALB/c mice | Artemisinin | 10−100 mg/kg/day; nasally | ↓ IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TNF, IFNγ, IL-1β, ↑ Treg | [77] | |
| ALI | LPS; BALB/c mice | Artesunate | 10−40 mg/kg; i.v. | ↓ total cells, neu, mac, MPO, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4, NF-κB; ↑ Nrf2, HO-1 | [52] | |
| RIR; Sprague Dawley rats | Artesunate | 15 mg/kg; i.p. | ↓ total cells, neu, mac, IL-1β, IL-18, MPO, MLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, ROS | [53] | ||
| Lung injury | Bleomycin; C57BL/6 mice | Artemisitene | 10 mg/kg; i.p. | ↑ Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, IL-2, IFNy; ↓ hydroxyproline, total cells, neu, mac, lymph, IL-4, IL-6, TGFβ, MCP-1, sm-α actin | [66] | |
| Paraquat; Sprague Dawley rats | Artesunate | 100 mg/kg/day; i.p. | ↓ IL-10, TNF-α, TGFβ1 | [70] | ||
| Lung inflammation | RIR; Sprague Dawley rats | Artesunate | 15 mg/kg; i.p. | ↓ serum and pulmonary NO, MDA, IL-6, MIP-2, PGE2, arterial blood gas and biochemistry, lung wet/dry ratio, total cell number and [protein] in BALF, MPO, nuclear p65 NF-κB, p-IκB-α | [72] | |
| Sepsis lung injury | Cecal ligation and puncture; Kunming mice | Artesunate | 15 mg/kg; i.p. | ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB; ↑ Nrf2, HO-1 | [73] |