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. 2020 May 12;11:2358. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16080-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Left, representative immunofluorescence images of thioflavin S (ThoS, Aβ plaques) in cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice. Scale bars, 100 μm. Right quantification of area occupied by Aβ plaques (APP/PS1 mice, n = 9; APP/PS1 + N-AS mice, n = 8). b Quantification of 6E10 in cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice (n = 8–9 mice per group). c–e Analysis of Aβ40 and Aβ42 depositions from the mice brain samples of the APP/PS1 and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice using immunofluorescence staining (c, d n = 7–9 mice per group) and ELISA kits (e n = 8 mice per group). f, g Quantification of amyloid angiopathy (f n = 8–9 mice per group, CAA) and tau hyperphosphorylation (g n = 6 mice per group, AT8) in cortex of APP/PS1 and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice. h Left, immunofluorescence images of microglia (Iba1) in cortex of WT, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice brain. Scale bars, 100 μm. Right, quantification of Iba1⁺ microglia in WT, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS (n = 9 mice per group). i Left, immunofluorescence images of astrocyte (GFAP) in cortex of WT, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice brain. Scale bars, 100 μm. Right, quantification of GFAP⁺ astrocyte in WT, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS (n = 8 mice per group). j mRNA levels of inflammatory markers in cortex of WT, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1 treated with N-AS mice brain (n = 4–6 per group). Pro-inflammatory marker: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS, Immunoregulatory cytokine: IL-10, Anti-inflammatory marker: IL-4, TGF-β, and Arg1. k Learning and memory was assessed by Morris water maze test in the WT (n = 10), APP/PS1 (n = 14), and APP/PS1 injected with N-AS (n = 16) mice. l–q At probe trial day 11 of Morris water maze test, time spent in target platform (l) and other quadrants (m) was measured. Path length (n) and swim speed (o) analyzed. p The number of times each animal entered the small target zone during the 60 s probe trial. q Representative swimming paths at day 10 of training. a–g, l Student’s t-test. h–k, m–p One-way analysis of variance, Tukey’s post hoc test. All error bars indicate s.e.m. Source data are provided as a Source data file.