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. 2020 May 12;10:7887. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64701-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of BiHR38, preBiHR38, BiEgr1, and BiEcR expression during foraging flight by qRT-PCR. Expression analysis for the greenhouse experiment (a) and the laboratory flight-cage experiment (b). The expression level of each gene was analyzed by qRT-PCR and normalized with that of BiEF1α. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks (p < 0.05, Student’s t test or Welch’s t test after the F test) on the error bars in (a), or different letters (p < 0.05, Tukey-Kramer test in (b), respectively). The sample size is indicated by the number in parentheses below the horizontal axis. (c) The body sizes of B. ignitus workers captured in the greenhouse (left) and those from the flight-cage (right). Significant differences are indicated by asterisks in the left panel (p < 0.05, Student’s t test), and different letters in the right panel (p < 0.05, Tukey-Kramer test) n.s., not significant.