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. 2020 May 12;11:2366. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16247-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–c Schematics of possible cell behaviour in VT: apical protrusion (a), basal protrusion (b) and lateral undulation (c). d, e, g, h Stills from movies of mosaically labelled epithelia. d Top view of apical protrusions in SG placode from Supplementary Movie 3 (placode centre is to the right). e Side view of apical protrusions from Supplementary Movie 2 (placode centre is to the right). Successive frames show protrusions are dynamic. f Quantifications of the abundance and length of the protrusions. g, h Top view of an area of flat epithelium (g) and SG placode (h) to show the orientation of apical protrusions (grayscale cell contours at the apical end extending beyond magenta-coloured cell contour at mid-height, yellow arrowheads show direction). Hash marks (#) indicate non-protrusive cells. “+” indicates the centre of the microscope field (g) or of the placode (h). To avoid cell shape ambiguity, only isolatedly labelled basal cells were analysed. i, j Quantification of orientation of protrusions (0° indicates protrusion towards field/placode centre). p Values are calculated using the Rayleigh test for circular data (test for non-uniform disribution) and two-tailed unpaired t test for abundance and length data. Sample sizes for f, i and j 3 independent litters, 6 SG placodes, 40 protrusive cells in total, 6 flat regions and 28 cells in total. Bar graphs are means ± SDs. Scale bars: 20 μm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.