Table 5.
Multilevel Models of GSA Experiences Moderating the Association between Victimization and Hope
| Model 1: GSA Support | Model 2: GSA Info/Resources | Model 3: GSA Advocacy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 | Estimate (SE) | 95% CI | Estimate (SE) | 95% CI | Estimate (SE) | 95% CI |
| M. duration | 0.100 (0.060) | [−0.016, 0.217] | 0.096 (0.058) | [−0.018, 0.209] | 0.098 (0.060) | [−0.019, 0.215] |
| S. minority | 0.003 (0.196) | [−0.381, 0.386] | −0.001 (0.192) | [−0.378, 0.376] | −0.001 (0.194) | [−0.381, 0.379] |
| R. minority | 0.184 (0.151) | [−0.112, 0.480] | 0.186 (0.151) | [−0.110, 0.481] | 0.185 (0.151) | [−0.111, 0.481] |
| C. male | 0.287 (0.172) | [−0.051, 0.625] | 0.270 (0.173) | [−0.070, 0.610] | 0.300 (0.173) | [−0.038, 0.638] |
| G. expansive | −0.311 (0.164) | [−0.632, 0.011] | −0.299 (0.159) | [−0.611, 0.013] | −0.311 (0.160) | [−0.625, 0.003] |
| Hope W1 | 0.447*** (0.053) | [0.344, 0.550] | 0.444*** (0.050) | [0.346, 0.543] | 0.446*** (0.052) | [0.344, 0.548] |
| Victimization | −0.186** (0.067) | [−0.317, −0.054] | −0.172* (0.067) | [−0.303, −0.042] | −0.184** (0.063) | [−0.307, −0.061] |
| GSA support | 0.140 (0.100) | [−0.056, 0.335] | 0.182 (0.137) | [−0.086, 0.450] | 0.202 (0.147) | [−0.086, 0.489] |
| GSA info/res. | 0.188* (0.094) | [0.005, 0.372] | 0.204* (0.102) | [0.003, 0.404] | 0.185 (0.094) | [0.000, 0.369] |
| GSA advocate | 0.146 (0.121) | [−0.092, 0.383] | 0.163 (0.121) | [−0.074, 0.400] | 0.161 (0.123) | [−0.079, 0.402] |
| Victim × support | 0.019 (0.066) | [−0.110, 0.148] | — | — | — | — |
| Victim × info/res. | — | — | 0.191*** (0.045) | [0.104, 0.278] | — | — |
| Victim × advocate | — | — | — | — | 0.097 (0.067) | [−0.034, 0.229] |
| Level 2 | ||||||
| N. advisors | −0.033 (0.136) | [−0.301, 0.234] | −0.057 (0.133) | [−0.317, 0.203] | −0.040 (0.134) | [−0.302, 0.223] |
| N. meetings | 0.001 (0.010) | [−0.020, 0.021] | 0.000 (0.010) | [−0.020, 0.019] | −0.001 (0.010) | [−0.022, 0.019] |
| Year | 0.002 (0.139) | [−0.271, 0.274] | 0.014 (0.133) | [−0.247, 0.275] | 0.027 (0.139) | [−0.245, 0.299] |
| Pseudo-R2 | .42 | .44 | .43 | |||
| AIC | 1179.150 | 1170.580 | 1177.660 | |||
| BIC | 1244.539 | 1235.969 | 1243.050 | |||
Note. Values are unstandardized coefficient estimates, their standard errors (SE), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). M. duration = membership duration; S. minority = sexual minority; R. minority = racial/ethnic minority; C. male = cisgender male; G. expansive = gender expansive; Hope W1 = initial hope at Wave 1; Victimization = reported experiences of peer victimization; GSA support = perceived support from GSA; GSA info/res. = information and resources received from GSA; GSA advocate = advocacy done in GSA; Victim × support = interaction between victimization and GSA support to predict hope at Wave 2; Victim × info/res. = interaction between victimization and GSA information and resources to predict hope at Wave 2; Victim × advocate = interaction between victimization and GSA advocacy to predict hope at Wave 2; N. advisors = whether there was more than one advisor in the GSA; N. meetings = number of GSA meetings held since November/Wave 1; Year = year of participation in project.
p < .001.
p < .01.
p < .05.