Table 2.

Description of local names and clinical signs of major bovine health and production constraints described by farmers and animal health professionals.

Constraint	Local name(s)	Clinical signs	Season of occurrence
Anestrus	Wohry Nathi	Anestrus and frequent vaginal discharge	Year round
Anthrax	Kaary Wa	Sudden death and oozing of blood from natural orifices	Year round
Blackleg	Chaurry Maar, Garri, Goli Maar, Karo Wah Tangwari, Tangwara	Discoloration of meat (black), crepitation sound from rear leg muscles, fever, a hot area around swollen areas, lameness and sudden death	Apr-Aug
Foot-and-mouth disease	Munh Khur, Samarro, Muharro, Bhagiyo	Anorexia, drooling of saliva, fever, high mortality in calves, lameness, loss of production and vesicles on feet and in mouth	Feb-Apr, Sep-Nov
Hemorrhagic septicemia	Gal Ghotu, Ghand, Ghogho, Ghanday	Coughing, difficulty in breathing, fever, swelling of the neck region and sudden death	Jul, Aug, Dec
Internal parasites	Keeray, aig (Liver Fluke)	Diarrhea, hair loss, weakness, lacrimal discharge, loss of production, pendulous abdomen and submandibular edema	Year round
Mastitis	Angiyari, Changiyari, Munh Sarri, Phikriyo, Saaru,	Blood and clots in milk, fever, teat blockage/fibrosis, loss of production, pus in milk, salty taste, swollen udder/teats and ulcers on teats	Year round
Redwater (hemoglobinuria)	Ratt Mutra, Sarkan, Saro	Blood in urine, constipation, frequent defecation (in small amounts), fever, loss of appetite, a low temperature of hindquarters	Jan, Feb, Aug, Sep
Repeat breeding	Phiraal	Repeated heat signs, increased vaginal discharge and a very high or low body condition score	Year round
Ticks	Chichar, Katway	Anemia, rough body skin, itching, skin lesions, ticks visible with naked eye and lassitude	Apr-Aug