Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of women and men in the Malmö Offspring Study across quintiles (Q1–Q5) of U-sugars, (μmol·L−1)/(mOsm·kg−1).
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U-sugars, mean | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.43 |
| (range), (μmol·L−1)/(mOsm·kg−1) | (0.01–0.04) | (0.04–0.07) | (0.07–0.12) | (0.12–0.26) | (0.26–3.85) |
| Women (n = 412) | |||||
| n (% women) | 75 (49.0) | 76 (50.0) | 70 (45.8) | 96 (62.8) | 95 (62.5) |
| University degree, % | 50.7 | 60.0 | 44.8 | 50.0 | 36.0 |
| LTPA≥3 × 30 min/wk, % | 29.3 | 35.5 | 31.4 | 25.0 | 26.3 |
| Current smokers, % | 7.04 | 8.45 | 10.5 | 17.4 | 13.5 |
| Alcohol consumed >twice/wk, % | 29.6 | 32.4 | 32.8 | 39.5 | 21.4 |
| Energy underreporters, % | 32.0 | 25.0 | 22.9 | 25.0 | 27.4 |
| Age, y | 41.1 (14) | 42.2 (12) | 40.1 (13) | 39.8 (13) | 36.9 (13) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 (4.17) | 25.2 (4.76) | 24.6 (4.18) | 24.6 (4.27) | 25.5 (5.63) |
| U-osm, mOsm/kg | 540 (236) | 568 (229) | 636 (250) | 592 (239) | 653 (244) |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1,782 (508) | 1,869 (481) | 1,840 (443) | 1,835 (500) | 1,864 (536) |
| Sucrose, g/d | 33.0 (20.3) | 38.2 (23.7) | 35.7 (19.2) | 41.2 (23.9) | 45.9 (27.8) |
| Total sugar, g/d | 73.7 (30.4) | 83.1 (31.2) | 76.2 (30.5) | 84.3 (35.2) | 90.5 (38.4) |
| Total sugar density, g/1,000 kcal | 41.3 (11.3) | 44.6 (12.4) | 41.1 (12.8) | 45.5 (14.5) | 48.3 (14.6) |
| Added sugar, E% | 11.6 (4.98) | 12.8 (4.50) | 12.1 (4.92) | 13.6 (5.85) | 15.0 (5.42) |
| Desserts, g/da | 25.3 (10.0, 53.1) | 28.1 (10.6, 69.8) | 35.4 (21.3, 59.5) | 38.1 (11.9, 73.1) | 37.5 (12.8, 75.0) |
| Sweets, g/da | 10.0 (0.5, 20.8) | 13.4 (3.5, 28.9) | 13.8 (3.5, 37.0) | 15.5 (4.3, 35.9) | 13.8 (0.0, 50.0) |
| Toppings, servings/da | 0.24 (0.0, 0.54) | 0.05 (0.0, 0.84) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.59) | 0.26 (0.0, 0.71) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.54) |
| SSBs, g/da | 0.0 (0.0, 50.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 75.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 125) | 25.0 (0.0, 129) | 0.0 (0.0, 150) |
| Juice, g/da | 0.0 (0.0, 75.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 90.6) | 0.0 (0.0 (75.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 87.5) | 0.0, 0.0, 75.0) |
| Fruits, g/da | 103 (39.0, 170) | 95.1 (55.8, 169) | 81.1 (47.2, 128) | 82.3 (32.6, 152) | 75.6 (24.5, 155) |
| Men (n = 351) | |||||
| n (% men) | 78 (51.0) | 76 (50.0) | 83 (54.3) | 57 (37.3) | 57 (37.5) |
| University degree, % | 33.3 | 50.8 | 30.0 | 25.5 | 22.7 |
| LTPA ≥3 × 30 min/wk, % | 32.1 | 26.3 | 28.9 | 28.1 | 29.8 |
| Current smokers, % | 7.04 | 8.82 | 18.1 | 6.38 | 15.9 |
| Alcohol consumed >twice/wk, % | 40.3 | 48.5 | 40.9 | 36.2 | 27.3 |
| Energy underreporters, % | 39.7 | 36.8 | 33.7 | 31.6 | 21.1 |
| Age, y | 39.7 (11.0) | 41.5 (12.8) | 39.9 (14.5) | 39.1 (13.7) | 36.9 (14.3) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 (4.52) | 25.9 (3.53) | 25.8 (3.61) | 26.4 (3.98) | 25.5 (4.23) |
| U-osm, mOsm/kg | 740 (264) | 698 (262) | 692 (245) | 689 (260) | 781 (230) |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2,278 (707) | 2,297 (670) | 2,370 (624) | 2,285 (575) | 2,479 (698) |
| Sucrose, g/d | 36.6 (29.3) | 47.4 (31.7) | 47.0 (25.9) | 50.3 (33.7) | 66.8 (39.9) |
| Total sugar, g/d | 79.9 (40.6) | 93.7 (46.3) | 96.7 (41.0) | 97.7 (47.4) | 113 (49.3) |
| Total sugar density, g/1,000 kcal | 34.2 (12.0) | 40.5 (13.6) | 40.5 (12.9) | 42.0 (16.3) | 45.3 (14.5) |
| Added sugar, E% | 10.6 (4.94) | 12.5 (5.06) | 13.0 (5.06) | 13.8 (5.51) | 15.4 (6.15) |
| Desserts, g/da | 27.5 (0.0, 57.5) | 30.0 (6.3, 63.5) | 38.0 (10.0, 72.5) | 33.8 (10.0, 72.5) | 56.3 (15.0, 94,8) |
| Sweets, g/da | 0.0 (0.0, 20.5) | 7.8 (0.0, 20.8) | 11.3 (0.0, 26.3) | 9.0 (0.0, 35.0) | 12.5 (0.0, 49.0) |
| Toppings, servings/da | 0.0 (0.0, 0.39) | 0.09 (0.0, 0.67) | 0.31 (0.0, 0.89) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.80) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.76) |
| SSBs, g/da | 0.0 (0.0, 100) | 75.0 (0.0, 175) | 75.0 (0.0, 200) | 125 (0.0, 275) | 200 (0.0, 375) |
| Juice, g/da | 0.0 (0.0, 100) | 0.0 (0.0, 150) | 0.0 (0.0, 100) | 0.0 (0.0, 150) | 0.0 (0.0, 150) |
| Fruits, g/da | 42.7 (5.7, 84.5) | 57.1 (14.5, 103) | 42.5 (12.5, 98.0) | 31.7 (4.4, 100) | 28.0 (2.0, 64.5) |
The categorical variables are expressed as percentages. The continuous variables are expressed as the means (SDs) unless stated otherwise.
a
data is expressed as median (IQR) due to skewed distribution.
U-sugars, sum of urinary sucrose and fructose; LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; BMI, body mass index; U-osm, urine osmolality, SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.