. 2020 May 6;7:62. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00062

Table 4.

Linear regression of U-sugars, added sugar intake and their composite measure (PC) on cardiometabolic risk factors in the Malmö Offspring Study.

	All				Women			Men
	n	ß	95% CI	P-int sex	n	ß	95% CI	n	ß	95% CI
BMI (kg/m²)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	763	0.15	−0.45, 0.77		412	1.03	0.14, 1.92	351	−1.00	−1.84, −0.16
Model 2	677	0.08	−0.58, 0.74	<0.01	381	1.05	0.12, 1.97	296	−1.45	−2.40, −0.51
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	991	0.08	0.02, 0.13		533	0.14	0.06, 0.22	458	0.01	−0.05, 0.08
Model 2	889	0.03	−0.03, 0.09	0.03	493	0.10	0.01, 0.19	396	−0.03	−0.10, 0.05
Composite measure
Model 1	763	0.35	0.15, 0.55		412	0.55	0.28, 0.82	351	−0.04	−0.35, 0.27
Model 2	677	0.26	0.04, 0.48	<0.01	381	0.50	0.22, 0.79	296	−0.24	−0.59, 0.11
Waist circumference (cm)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	763	−0.09	−1.68, 1.50		412	2.00	−0.21, 4.21	351	−2.94	−5.18, −0.70
Model 2	677	−0.20	−1.84, 1.45	<0.01	381	2.02	−0.23, 4.28	296	−3.79	−6.19, −1.39
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	991	0.24	0.11, 0.37		533	0.34	0.14, 0.53	458	0.13	−0.05, 0.30
Model 2	889	0.15	0.01, 0.29	0.05	493	0.25	0.03, 0.46	396	0.05	−0.14, 0.24
Composite measure
Model 1	763	1.00	0.49, 1.51		412	1.34	0.68, 2.00	351	0.23	−0.60, 1.06
Model 2	677	0.76	0.22, 1.30	<0.01	381	1.19	0.51, 1.88	296	0.19	−1.09, 0.70
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	763	−0.08	−0.22, 0.05		412	−0.06	−0.23, 0.11	351	−0.11	−0.33, 0.11
Model 2	677	−0.14	−0.28, 0.01	0.91	381	−0.12	−0.30, 0.06	296	−0.15	−0.40, 0.10
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	990	−0.006	−0.02, 0.01		532	−0.009	−0.02, 0.01	458	−0.002	−0.02, 0.02
Model 2	888	−0.009	−0.02, 0.004	0.41	492	−0.02	−0.03, 0.0003	396	−0.001	−0.02, 0.02
Composite measure
Model 1	763	−0.02	−0.06, 0.03		412	−0.02	−0.07, 0.04	351	−0.01	−0.09, 0.07
Model 2	677	−0.03	−0.07, 0.02	0.69	381	−0.03	−0.08, 0.03	296	−0.02	−0.11, 0.08
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	757	0.04	−0.05, 0.13		409	0.02	−0.07, 0.11	348	0.06	−0.11, 0.23
Model 2	671	0.02	−0.08, 0.11	0.96	378	0.007	−0.09, 0.11	293	−0.01	−0.20, 0.18
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	980	0.007	−0.001, 0.01		527	−0.00001	−0.01, 0.01	453	0.01	−0.001, 0.02
Model 2	878	0.003	−0.01, 0.01	0.49	487	−0.004	−0.01, 0.01	391	0.006	−0.01, 0.02
Composite measure
Model 1	757	0.03	−0.00001, 0.06		409	0.01	−0.02, 0.04	348	0.06	−0.01, 0.12
Model 2	671	0.02	−0.01, 0.05	0.49	378	0.003	−0.03, 0.03	293	0.03	−0.03, 0.10
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	763	−0.06	−0.13, −0.003		412	−0.10	−0.19, −0.01	351	−0.02	−0.10, 0.06
Model 2	677	−0.04	−0.11, 0.02	0.16	381	−0.07	−0.17, 0.02	296	0.01	−0.07, 0.09
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	990	−0.02	−0.02, −0.01		532	−0.02	−0.03, −0.01	458	−0.01	−0.02, −0.005
Model 2	888	−0.01	−0.02, −0.01	0.04	492	−0.02	−0.02, −0.01	396	−0.009	−0.02, −0.002
Composite measure
Model 1	763	−0.04	−0.06, −0.02		412	−0.05	−0.08, −0.02	351	−0.03	−0.06, −0.01
Model 2	677	−0.03	−0.05, −0.01	0.32	381	−0.03	−0.06, −0.001	296	−0.03	−0.06, 0.002
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	763	−0.06	−0.18, 0.06		412	−0.02	−0.17, 0.13	351	−0.11	−0.31, 0.09
Model 2	677	−0.13	−0.26, 0.01	0.66	381	−0.09	−0.26, 0.07	296	−0.16	−0.39, 0.07
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	989	0.006	−0.004, 0.02		531	0.006	−0.01, 0.02	458	0.007	−0.01, 0.02
Model 2	887	0.002	−0.01, 0.01	0.68	491	−0.003	−0.02, 0.01	396	0.008	−0.01, 0.03
Composite measure
Model 1	763	0.01	−0.03, 0.05		412	0.02	−0.03, 0.06	351	0.006	−0.07, 0.08
Model 2	677	−0.006	−0.05, 0.04	0.90	381	−0.006	−0.06, 0.04	296	0.008	−0.07, 0.09
Systolic BP (mmHg)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	761	2.92	1.13, −4.70		410	4.22	1.74, 6.71	351	1.54	−0.98, 4.05
Model 2	675	2.95	0.99, 4.92	0.22	379	4.63	1.96, 7.30	296	1.30	−1.55, 4.16
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	988	−0.09	−0.24, 0.05		530	−0.02	−0.23, 0.20	458	−0.12	−0.31, 0.07
Model 2	886	−0.09	−0.26, 0.08	0.87	490	−0.02	−0.27, 0.22	396	−0.09	−0.31, 0.13
Composite measure
Model 1	761	0.48	−0.11, 1.06		410	0.89	0.13, 1.66	351	0.13	−0.79, 1.06
Model 2	675	0.46	−0.19, 1.12	0.55	379	1.01	0.17, 1.85	296	−0.09	−1.13, 0.96
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	761	1.10	−0.13, 2.33		410	1.80	0.16, 3.43	351	0.17	−1.71, 2.04
Model 2	675	1.30	−0.01, 2.62	0.43	379	1.81	0.07, 3.55	296	0.58	−1.48, 2.64
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	988	0.03	−0.07, 0.13		530	0.008	−0.13, 0.15	458	0.05	−0.09, 0.20
Model 2	886	−0.01	−0.12, 0.10	0.98	490	−0.02	−0.18, 0.14	396	0.003	−0.15, 0.16
Composite measure
Model 1	761	0.54	0.14, 0.94		410	0.49	−0.01, 0.99	351	0.60	−0.08, 1.28
Model 2	675	0.45	0.02, 0.88	0.86	379	0.48	−0.06, 1.02	296	0.41	−0.34, 1.16
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
U-sugars (μmol·L⁻¹)/(mOsm·kg⁻¹)
Model 1	762	0.09	−0.003, 0.19		412	0.14	0.04, 0.25	350	0.01	−0.15, 0.18
Model 2	677	0.10	0.0003, 0.20	0.22	381	0.16	0.05, 0.26	296	0.03	−0.17, 0.22
Added sugar (E%)
Model 1	990	−0.007	−0.01, 0.001		533	−0.003	−0.01, 0.01	457	−0.01	−0.02, −0.00001
Model 2	889	−0.008	−0.02, 0.001	0.04	493	−0.002	−0.01, 0.01	396	−0.01	−0.03, 0.001
Composite measure
Model 1	762	−0.0003	−0.03, 0.03		412	0.009	−0.02, 0.04	350	−0.03	−0.09, 0.03
Model 2	677	−0.0004	−0.03, 0.03	0.11	381	0.01	−0.02, 0.05	296	−0.03	−0.10, 0.04

Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL cholesterol and fasting glucose are measured in plasma. U-sugars are log₁₀-transformed. The composite measure is the first PC of the two variables U-sugars and added sugars.

Model 1 is adjusted for age and sex (and energy intake for added sugar and the composite measure).

Model 2 is additionally adjusted for educational level, LTPA, smoking status, alcohol habits, and fiber density. Regressions with total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL cholesterol are additionally adjusted for usage of lipid lowering drugs and regressions with systolic and diastolic BP are additionally adjusted for usage of antihypertensive drugs.

U-sugars, sum of urinary sucrose and fructose; PC, principal component; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; LTPA, leisure-time physical activity.