Table 1.
Cohort characteristics (n = 26, if not indicated otherwise).
| n (%) or median [range] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | 7 (27) | |
| Preeclampsia | 4 (15) | |
| PPROM | 2 (8) | |
| Socioeconomic status | ||
| Low | —- | |
| Middle | 14 (54) | |
| High | 11 (42) | |
| Perinatal infant characteristics | ||
| Female | 12 (46) | |
| Abnormal flow UA (PI >95th percentile or absent/reversed flow) | 18 (69) | |
| Abnormal flow MCA (PI <5th percentile), measured in n = 25 | 8 (31) | |
| Fetal brain-sparing (CPR <1), measured in n = 25 | 11 (44) | |
| Abnormal flow in the DV (PI >95th percentile/absent or reversed a-wave), measured in n = 23 | 13 (56) | |
| Cesarean section | 19 (73) | |
| Gestational age, weeks | 35.1 [28.0; 39.9] | |
| GA <32 weeks | 7 (27) | |
| Birth weight, z-score | −2.7 [−5.9; −0.29] | |
| Small-for-gestational age | 23 (89) | |
| Head circumference, z-score | −2.1 [−4.3; −0.4] | |
| Apgar score at 5 min | 8.5 [4; 10] | |
| Arterial cord blood pH | 7.26 [7.92; 7.41] | |
| Arterial cord blood BE (mmol/l) | −6 [−11; −1] | |
| Admission to NICU | 17 (65) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 9 (35) | |
| Hemodynamically significant PDA | 2 (8) | |
| Neonatal sepsis | 1 (4) | |
| IVH/PVL | – | |
| Transient PVE | 5 (19) | |
| Developmental characteristics at 4 years | ||
| Height, z-score | −0.45 [−2.19; 3.40] | |
| Weight, z-score | −0.93 [−2.68; 4.37] | |
| Head circumference, z-score | −0.57 [−3.73; 2.09] | |
| Suspected or diagnosed ASD | 3 (12) | |
| Cognitive outcome at 4 years | Median [range] | Below average (IQ <85) |
| Full Scale IQ (n = 19) | 94 [63; 123] | 4 (21) |
| Verbal IQ (n = 19) | 97 [71; 120] | 4 (21) |
| Performance IQ (n = 20) | 94 [72; 120] | 3 (15) |
| Behavioral outcome at 4 years (T-score) | Median [range] | Abnormal (T-score ≥60) |
| Total behavior (n = 25) | 56 [28; 72] | 8 (32) |
| Internalizing behavior (n = 25) | 55 [29; 73] | 8 (32) |
| Externalizing behavior (n = 25) | 56 [28; 68] | 7 (28) |
| Executive function at 4 years (T-score) | Median [range] | Abnormal (T-score ≥65) |
| Total executive function (n = 24) | 60 [34; 76] | 9 (38) |
| Inhibitory Self-Control Index (n = 25) | 57 [35; 77] | 8 (32) |
| Flexibility index (n = 25) | 58 [37; 95] | 6 (24) |
| Emergent metacognition index (n = 24) | 55 [36; 71] | 7 (29) |
Percentages were calculated based on number of total measurements, which may deviate from the number of included infants in this cohort as indicated. ASD, autism spectrum disorder (as reported by parents); a-wave, atrial contraction wave; BE, base excess; CPR, cerebroplacental ratio; DV, ductus venosus; GA, gestational age; IQ, intelligence quotient; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PI, pulsatility index; PPROM, prolonged premature rupture of membranes (>12 h); PVE; periventricular echodensities; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; UA, umbilical artery.