Table 2.

Metabolites and miRNAs implicated in exposure-related immune responses.

Molecule	Exposure association	Immune association [examples]
Itaconate	DA, LF1, BN	Immune response regulator in macrophages [92], [93], [94], [95]
Polyamines (putrescine, acetyl-putrescine, acetyl-spermidine)	DA, LF1, BN	Immune regulatory functions, including in lymphocyte and macrophage activation [98], [99], [107]
Dihydrobiopterin, biopterin	DA, LF1	Dihydrobiopterin levels increased in activated inflammatory macrophages [108]
Quinolinate	DA, LF1	Kynurenine pathway metabolite associated with immune activation [109], [110]
Methylsuccinate	DA, LF1	Likely itaconate product [111]
Prostaglandin D2	LF1, BN	Lipid mediator involved in immune activation [112]
mmu-miR-146a	DE, LF1, BN	Negative regulation of immune activation, role in myeloid cells [100]
mmu-miR-21a	DE, LF1, BN	Upregulated in allergic airway inflammation [113]
mmu-miR-2137	DE, LF1	Possible anti-inflammatory role in macrophages [106]

DA, differential abundance; DE, differential expression; LF1, latent factor 1 of the multi‐omics factor analysis model; BN, biological association network.