Table 1.
Neighborhoods used in this study, including neighborhood infrastructure characteristics, study-average observed PM2.5 concentrations (95% confidence interval) from low-cost sensors (LCS), and R-Line-simulated on-road mobile-source NOx concentrations (95% confidence interval).
| Neighborhood | Urban status | Low-income status | Rail access | Distance to central city (mi.) | Population density (people/acre) | Median household income (US$/HH) | Low-cost sensor PM2.5 (µg m−3) | R-Line NOx (ppb) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prospect Park | X | X | 3.5 | 6.0 | 75 800 | 7.8 (7.5-8.2) | 8.2 (7.8-8.6) | |
| St. Anthony Park | X | 4.4 | 5.2 | 79 800 | 7.5 (7.2-7.7) | 8.0 (7.7-8.4) | ||
| Phillips | X | X | X | 1.8 | 20.8 | 32 200 | 7.5 (7.2-7.9) | 8.2 (7.8-8.6) |
| Brooklyn Center | X | 7.4 | 6.1 | 56 300 | 7.6 (7.2-7.9) | 6.4 (6.1-6.7) | ||
| Near North | X | X | 2.5 | 12.5 | 36 200 | 7.5 (7.1-7.8) | 7.4 (7.1-7.7) | |
| Blaine | 15.3 | 5.1 | 90 400 | 6.4 (6.2-6.7) | 3.8 (3.6-4.0) |
The PM2.5 concentrations were only considered for hours where observations existed in all 6 neighborhoods. See SI Figure 1 for a detailed spatial map of the study neighborhoods and SI Table 5 for entire sampling average concentrations.