Table 2.
CVD Complication of HCoV infection.
| HCoV | Authors and Research types | Study Region | Study Period | Case Size | CVD Complication | Abnormal Indicator | Major Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OC43 | Lee et al. [70] | single-center | retrospective | Saint Louis | 12/2012∼12/2013 | 4315 | hypotension | Blood pressure | Hypotension was found in a small number of patients with CoV infection. |
| SARS | Yu et al. [92] | multicenter | retrospective | America | 2003 | 121 | hypotension; tachycardia; bradycardia; cardiomegaly; cardiac arrhythmia | Blood pressure; heart rate | hypotension and tachycardia are common in SARS patients. Bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy are less common, and arrhythmias are rare. |
| Li et al. [91] | single-center | prospectively | Hongkong | 2003 | 46 | cardiac injury; diastolic impairment | CK; LDH; echocardiogram | SARS patients had subclinical diastolic impairment without contraction involvement, and this damage may be reversible upon clinical recovery. | |
| Yin et al. [94] | … | review | … | 2018 | … | vasculitis | … | SARS-CoV also attacks small blood vessels throughout the body, causing systemic vasculitis. | |
| Oudit et al. [99] | single-center | retrospective | Toronto | 2013 | 20 | myocardial damage | … | Decreased ACE2 expression may be responsible for the myocardial dysfunction and adverse cardiac outcomes in patients with SARS. | |
| MERS | Alhogbani et al. [110] | … | case report | Saudi Arabia | 2016 | 1 | myocarditis; heart failure | hs-TnI; echocardiogram | This was the first case to show that MERS coronavirus may cause acute myocarditis and acute heart failure. |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Huang et al. [9] | multicenter | prospectively | Wuhan | 12/2019∼1/2020 | 41 | cardiac injury | hs-TnI | The levels of hs-CTnI of 5 patients increased significantly after infection |
| Wang et al. [10] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 1/2020∼2/2020 | 138 | cardiac injury | CKMB; LDH; hs-TnI | 10.2 % patients had acute cardiac injury | |
| Li et al. [124] | multicenter | meta-analysis | China | 1/2020∼3/2020 | 1527 | cardiac injury | … | At least 8% of patients with COVID-19 suffered acute cardiac injury | |
| Wang et al. [125] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 1/2020∼2/2020 | 53 | tachycardia; electrocardiography abnormities; diastolic dysfunction; elevated myocardial enzymes; acute myocardial injury | Heart rate; CRP; d-dimer | 15 of the 53 patients had tachycardia, 11 had electrocardiography abnormities, 20 had diastolic dysfunction, 30 had elevated myocardial enzymes and 6 had acute myocardial injury. | |
| Yang et al. [12] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 12/2019∼1/2020 | 52 | cardiac injury | hs-TnI | The level of hs-TnI is higher in severe infections. | |
| Li et al. [13] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 1/2020∼2/2020 | 25 | cardiac injury | hs-TnI; proBNP | The risk of heart injury in deceased patients is higher than that in survivors. 94.7 % patients’ serum hs-TnI or/and proBNP levels were increased. | |
| Wu et al. [131] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 12/2019∼1/2020 | 188 | heart injury | hs-TnI; CRP; IL-6; lymphocytes | Hs-TnI at admission may be associated with increased mortality. | |
| Zhang et al. [132] | multicenter | retrospective | Wuhan | 12/2019∼3/2020 | 82 | cardiac injury | hs-TnI; CRP; IL-6 | 89 % of deceased patients had cardiac injury. cardiac damage may have something to do with the cytokine storm resulting from an overaggressive host immune response. | |
| Lippi et al. [133] | multicenter | meta-analysis | China | 12/2019∼3/2020 | … | cardiac injury | hs-TnI | Hs-TnI was 2.2-fold higher in ICU patients than in patients with mild cases. | |
| Liu et al. [134] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 12/2019∼3/2020 | 291 | cardiac injury | hs-TnI; proBNP | Patients in the ICU had much higher troponin I and NT-proBNP than the patients not in the ICU. | |
| Gao et al. [135] | single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 12/2019∼3/2020 | 102 | cardiac injury | proBNP | Patients with higher levels of proBNP had a higher risk of hospital death. | |
| Guo et al. [60] | Single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 30/1∼30/2/2020 | 187 | cardiac injury | TnT; proBNP | Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19; Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias; Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury. | |
| Shi et al. [136] | Single-center | retrospective | Wuhan | 20/1∼10/2/2020 | 416 | cardiac injury | hs-TNI; CK-MB; myohemoglobin | Cardiac injury is a common condition among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and it is associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality. | |
Abbreviation: CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; hs-TnI, hypersensitive troponin I; CKMB, creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme; proBNP, pro brain natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, Interleukin; TnT, troponin T.