Table 2. Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scores for Primary and Secondary Outcomes at 12 Months^a.

Outcome	Mean (95% CI)		Between-group mean difference (95% CI)	P value
	Surgery (n = 38)	Bracing (n = 44)
Primary outcome
DASH scoreb	8.9 (4.2 to 13.6)	12.0 (7.7 to 16.4)	−3.1 (−9.6 to 3.3)	.34
Secondary outcomes
Painc
At rest	0.94 (0.37 to 1.51)	0.65 (0.12 to 1.18)	0.29 (−0.49 to 1.07)	.47
On activities	2.21 (1.39 to 3.03)	1.72 (0.95 to 2.49)	0.49 (−0.65 to 1.63)	.40
Constant-Murley scored	78.1 (72.1 to 84.0)	76.4 (70.9 to 81.8)	1.7 (−6.4 to 9.8)	.68
Elbow ROM, degreese	143.5 (137.6 to 149.3)	136.8 (131.4 to 142.2)	6.6 (−1.3 to 14.6)	.10
15D scoreb	0.95 (0.93 to 0.97)	0.92 (0.90 to 0.94)	0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07)	.13
DASH module scoreb
Work	5.2 (0 to 15.3)	8.0 (0 to 18.4)	−2.9 (−17.4 to 11.6)	.70
Sports or performing arts	6.7 (0 to 19.3)	27.9 (15.4 to 40.3)	−21.2 (−38.9 to −3.4)	.02
Patients with acceptable symptomatic state, %f	82 (70 to 94)	68 (54 to 82)	14 (−6 to 34)	.16
Adequate clinical recovery, %g	86 (74 to 98)	73 (59 to 87)	13 (−5 to 31)	.15
Satisfactionh
Shoulder function	8.5 (7.7 to 9.3)	8.0 (7.3 to 8.7)	0.5 (−0.6 to 1.6)	.36
Elbow function	9.0 (8.3 to 9.7)	8.8 (8.2 to 9.4)	0.2 (−0.7 to 1.2)	.62
Upper-extremity function	8.6 (7.8 to 9.4)	7.6 (6.9 to 8.4)	1.0 (−0.1 to 2.1)	.08
Patients willing to repeat the same treatment, %i	97 (91 to 100)	71 (58 to 85)	26 (11 to 40)	.003

Abbreviations: DASH, Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand; ROM, range of motion.

^aComplete data set of primary and secondary outcomes at different time points is given in Supplement 2. The 13 patients in the bracing group who had surgery are included in the bracing group. Point estimates are derived from the mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance using all available data. Trajectories of the analysis including the crossover group separately are presented in eFigure 2 (Supplement 2).

^bSee Table 1 footnotes for scale definitions.

^cRanges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain).

^dAssesses shoulder pain (0-15 points), activities of daily living (0-20 points), ROM (0-40), and strength (0-25 points) subscales. The total score ranges from 0 to 100; higher scores indicate better function. Scores of approximately 85 points are considered normal for those aged 40 to 60 years.

^eMeasured by the physical therapist using goniometer and calculated using the difference in degrees between full flexion and full extension.

^fPatients with an acceptable symptomatic state was determined using patient’s global assessment of satisfaction regarding the injured arm. For patient-reported assessment language, see the Methods section.

^gDASH score within a minimal clinically important difference (10 points) of their preinjury score were considered to have adequate clinical recovery.

^hSatisfaction with shoulder, elbow, and upper-extremity function was reported on a 0 to 10 scale, for which 0 is the worst and 10 is the best condition.

ⁱResponses were given as yes or no.