Fig. 1.
Locations of the participants and the temporal and spatial distributions of PM2.5 concentrations in Taiwan. a, b Sketch maps showing the locations of the participants and the spatial distribution of PM2.5 by year. The address locations of the participants (a) and their observations (b) were represented by circles. Circles were highly overlapped because of the large sample sizes. c, d Distributions of the PM2.5 concentrations by year. The centre line is the median concentration, and the tow heads of the box indicate the 25–75th percentile (IQR). Whiskers show the observations within 3 IQR, and other extreme observations are circles. a, c Distributions of 278,065 participants at baseline. b, d Distributions of the 567,557 observations from the 278,065 participants