Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study name | Study design | Country | GDM criteria† | T2DM criteria† | Follow-up (No) | Follow-up (years) | Mean age (years) | Ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aberg et al, 200236 | Population based | Sweden | EASD 1991 | WHO 1985 | 289 (GDM: 229, controls: 60) | 1 | Range 20-45 | White |
| Albareda et al, 200335 | Prospective cohort | Spain | Second and third workshop -conference on GDM | WHO 1998 | 766 (GDM: 696, controls:70) | 11 | GDM: 37.5, controls: 40 | White |
| Aziz et al, 201837 | Follow-up study | Pakistan | IADPSG | — | 167 (GDM: 78, controls: 89) | 2 | GDM: 28.9, controls: 25.68 | Non-white |
| Chodick et al, 201034 | Retrospective cohort | Israel | Carpenter and Coustan 1982 | Local | 185 416 (GDM: 11 270, controls: 174 146) | 5.4 | GDM: 32.74, controls: 30.59 | White |
| Daly et al, 201838 | Retrospective cohort | UK | NICE | NICE | 46 399 (GDM: 9118, controls: 37 281) | 25 | GDM and controls: 33.0 | Mixed (white, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, other) |
| Herath et al, 201739 | Retrospective cohort | Sri Lanka | WHO 1999 | WHO 1998 | 359 (GDM: 119, controls: 240) | 10 | GDM: 42.7, controls: 38.7 | Non-white |
| Huopio et al, 201428 | Follow-up study | Finland | Contemporary criteria | ADA 1997 | 874 (GDM: 489, controls: 385) | 7.3 | GDM: 37.8, controls: 38.4 | White |
| Krishnaveni et al, 200740 | Prospective cohort | India | Carpenter and Coustan 1982 | WHO 1998 | 524 (GDM: 35, controls: 489) | 5 | GDM: 33.25, controls: 28.3 | Non-white |
| Lee AJ et al, 200741 | Retrospective cohort | Australia | ADIPS 1998 | WHO 1998 | 6253 (GDM: 5470, controls: 783) | 15 | GDM: 30.7, controls: 30.5 | Mixed (Caucasian, Asian, Aboriginal) |
| Lee H et al, 200842* | Prospective cohort | Korea | NDDG 1979 | — | 1488 (GDM: 620, controls: 868) | 7 | GDM and controls: 33.6 | Non-white |
| Linné et al, 200243* | Retrospective cohort | Sweden | — | WHO 1985 | 80 (GDM: 28, controls: 52) | 15 | GDM: 47.6, controls: 45.6 | White |
| Madarász et al, 200944 | Hospital based | Hungary | WHO 1985 | WHO 1998 | 107 (GDM: 68, controls: 39) | 4 | GDM: 36.1, controls: 33.6 | White |
| Minooee et al, 201727 | Population based | Iran | WHO 1999 | ADA 1997 | 2458 (GDM: 476, controls: 1982) | 15 | GDM: 36.5, controls: 34.3 | Mixed (West-Asian, Eastern Mediterranean) |
| Mukerji et al, 201231 | Population based | Canada | — | — | 1 050 108 (GDM: 33 203, controls: 1 016 905) | 15 | — | Mixed (Chinese, South Asian, white) |
| Pintaudi et al, 201545 | Population based | Italy | ADA 2004 | — | 15 404 (GDM: 3851, controls: 11 553) | 8 | GDM and controls: 35.7 | Mixed |
| Retnakaran et al, 201046 | Prospective cohort | Canada | NDDG 1979 | CDA 2008 | 180 (GDM: 107, controls: 73) | 1 | GDM: 35.2, controls: 35.6 | Mixed (white, Asian, other) |
| Vambergue et al, 200833 | Prospective cohort | France | Carpenter and Coustan 1982 | ADA 1997 | 406 (GDM: 295, controls: 111) | 6.8 | — | Mixed (French, Maghrebian) |
| Vigneault et al, 201547 | Prospective cohort | Canada | — | CDA 2013 | 299 (GDM: 216, controls: 83) | 4 | GDM: 36.36, controls: 35.66 | Mixed (Caucasian, black, Aboriginal, Asian, Hispanic) |
| Wang et al, 201248 | Prospective cohort | United States | Carpenter and Coustan 1982 | WHO 1998/ ADA 1997 | 19 998 (GDM: 1142, controls: 18 856) | 8.6 | GDM: 26.8, controls: 24.3 | Mixed (African American, white, Asian, Hispanic, Indian) |
| Yefet et al, 201949 | Retrospective cohort | Israel | Carpenter and Coustan 1982 and NDDG 1979 | — | 798 (GDM: 446, controls: 352) | 15.8 | GDM and controls: 45.0 | Mixed (Israel, Ethiopia, USSR, other) |
A table of confounders considered in the analysis of each study is included in supplementary table S2.
ADA=American Diabetes Association; ADIPS=Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society; CDA=Canadian Diabetes Association; EASD=European Association for the Study of Diabetes; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG=International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; NDDG=National Diabetes Data Group; NICE=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; T2DM=type 2 diabetes mellitus.
*
Report described as a case-control study but the methodology used indicates that it is a cohort study.
†
T2DM and GDM criteria are shown in box 1.