Table 1.
Demographic, baseline neuropsychological test results, and global brain volumes (in percent of intracranial volume – ICY, obtained via NeuroQuant©) for the healthy older adults (HOA) and aMCI groups that underwent mnemonic strategy training (MST) or exposure training (modified with permission from Hampstead et al., 2012b). Standard deviations are provided in parentheses. Analyses used a 2 (diagnostic group) x.2 (intervention group) multivariate analysis of variance. MMSE = mini-mental state exam; RBANS = Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; GOS = Geriatric Depression Scale; FAQ = Functional Activities Questionnaire.
| HC | MCI | Main Effect of Diagnosis F(1,30)= | Main Effect of Intervention F(1,30)= | Diagnosis x Intervention F(1,30)= | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS (n=8) | Exposure (n=8) | MS (n=9) | Exposure (n=9) | ||||
| Age (years) | 72.1 (7.5) | 72. 1 (7.6) | 71.7 (10.2) | 70.8 (7.2) | 0.10, p=.75 | 0.03, p=.88 | 0.03, p=.88 |
| Education (years) | 15.8 (3.2) | 16.5 (2.3) | 17.4 (1.8) | 16.8 (2.4) | 1 35, p=26 | 0.00, p= 96 | 0.70, p=.41 |
| MMSE (raw score) | 28.4 (1.6) | 27.3 (2.3) | 26.8 (2.2) | 26.7 (2.5) | 2.08, p=.16 | 0.67, p= 42 | 0.45, p=.51 |
| RBANS Indices (Standard Scores) | |||||||
| Immediate Memory | 105.1 (12.1) | 106.5 (15.5) | 87.8 (11.6) | 86.3 (15.3) | 15.83, p<.001 | 0.00, p=.99 | 0.09, p=.77 |
| Visuospatial/construction | 95.3 (13.4) | 103.8 (15.0) | 99.0 (19.6) | 90.9 (6.6) | 0.72, p=.40 | 0.00, p= 97 | 2.39, p=.13 |
| Language | 104.6 (14.5) | 101.9 (16.8) | 93.8 (7.6) | 90.6 (6.6) | 7.33, p=.011 | 0.53, p=.47 | 0.00, p= 95 |
| Attention | 111.9 (11.1) | 108.9 ( 12.9) | 105.8 (13.5) | 106.0 (10.6) | 1.17, p=.29 | 0.11, p=.74 | 0.15, p=.70 |
| Delayed Memory | 104.1 (9.3) | 103.4 (9.0) | 75.9 (16.1) | 74.0 (14.9) | 41.99, p<.001 | 0.09, p=.77 | 0.02, p=.90 |
| Total Score | 105.5 (12.5) | 107.5 (16.9) | 89.9 (11.7) | 85.7 (9.0) | 18.43, p<.001 | 0.07, p= 80 | 0.51, p=.48 |
| Trails A (T-scores) | 49.0 (9.4) | 49.0 (8.5) | 42. 1 (7.6) | 49.6 (14.9) | 0.76, p=.39 | 1.05, p= 31 | 1.05, p=.31 |
| Trails B (T-scores) | 48.8 (9.7) | 52.0 (8.6) | 48.6 (6.3) | 46.9 (7.4) | 0.93, p=.34 | 0.08, p=.78 | 0.80, p=.38 |
| GDS (raw scores) | 1.4 (2.4) | 0.8 (1.5) | 1.1 (l.3) | 2.0 (2.4) | 0.54, p=.47 | 0.04, p= 85 | 1.27, p=.27 |
| FAQ (raw scores) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.0 (0) | 3. 1 (3.7) | 4.1 (4.3) | 10.65, p=.003 | 0.03, p= 85 | 0.65, p=.43 |
| Brain volumes (% ICV) | |||||||
| Total Gray Matter | 29.6 (2.2) | 30.6 (2.0) | 29.0(1.4) | 29.2 (1.8) | 2.38, p= 13 | 0.74, p= 40 | 0.44, p=.51 |
| Lateral Ventricles | 2.06 (0.7) | 2.34 (0.8) | 2.88 (0.98) | 2.72 (1.1) | 3.61, p=.067 | 0.04, p= 85 | 0.51, p=.48 |