Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the multivariable* analysis of categorical potential risk factors in relation to hypertension incidence by sex: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (1999–2018).
| Men | Women | Total population | Sex interaction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR(95% CI) | p-value | HR(95% CI) | p-value | HR(95% CI) | p-value | p-value | |
| Sex, women (reference) | – | – | 1.02(0.91–1.14) | 0.73 | – | ||
| Age categories, years | 0.002 | ||||||
| – 20–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – 30–39 | 1.56(1.20–2.03) | 0.001 | 1.70(1.36–2.13) | <0.001 | 1.61(1.37–1.90) | <0.001 | |
| – 40–49 | 2.19(1.63–2.95) | <0.001 | 2.85(2.24–3.62) | <0.001 | 2.49(2.08–2.98) | <0.001 | |
| – 50–59 | 3.03(2.20–4.16) | <0.001 | 3.97(2.98–5.28) | <0.001 | 3.38(2.75–4.16) | <0.001 | |
| – ≥60 | 4.11(2.92–5.80) | <0.001 | 4.55(3.15–6.58) | <0.001 | 4.16(3.26–5.29) | <0.001 | |
| BMI categories, kg/m2 | 0.053 | ||||||
| – <25 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – 25–30 | 1.15(0.97–1.36) | 0.12 | 1.20(1.00–1.44) | 0.05 | 1.19(1.05–1.34) | 0.006 | |
| – ≥30 | 1.39(1.05–1.83) | 0.02 | 1.58(1.25–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.53(1.28–1.82) | <0.001 | |
| Central obesity, yes | 1.26(1.03–1.54) | 0.025 | 1.11(0.91–1.35) | 0.3 | 1.17(1.02–1.35) | 0.025 | 0.41 |
| Blood pressure categories | 0.13 | ||||||
| – Optimum | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – Normal | 2.32(1.97–2.74) | <0.001 | 2.54(2.18–2.96) | <0.001 | 2.43(2.17–2.72) | <0.001 | |
| – High normal | 4.17(3.49–4.97) | <0.001 | 4.65(3.91–5.34) | <0.001 | 4.43(3.91–5.03) | <0.001 | |
| Marital status | 0.001 | ||||||
| – Single | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – Married | 0.83(0.63–1.08) | 0.17 | 1.30(0.95–1.77) | 0.1 | 0.92(0.77–1.11) | 0.38 | |
| – Widowed/divorced | 0.75(0.33–1.71) | 0.49 | 1.39(0.94–2.05) | 0.1 | 0.99(0.74–1.33) | 0.96 | |
| Smoking status | 0.26 | ||||||
| – Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – Former | 1.03(0.85–1.25) | 0.73 | 2.15(1.52–3.04) | <0.001 | 1.12(0.93–1.34) | 0.23 | |
| – Current | 0.98(0.84–1.15) | 0.82 | 0.99(0.73–1.33) | 0.94 | 0.93(0.88–1.16) | 0.89 | |
| Education level, years | 0.13 | ||||||
| – <6 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – 6–12 | 1.04(0.93–1.24) | 0.62 | 0.98(0.84–1.15) | 0.84 | 0.98(0.87–1.11) | 0.8 | |
| – >12 | 0.91(0.72–1.14) | 0.42 | 0.97(0.75–1.27) | 0.85 | 0.88(0.74–1.04) | 0.13 | |
| Low physical activity, yes | – | – | 1.06(0.90–1.24) | 0.48 | – | – | |
| Hypercholesterolemia, yes | 1.09(0.94–1.26) | 0.27 | 0.89(0.77–1.04) | 0.14 | 1.0(0.91–1.12) | 0.89 | 0.8 |
| Low HDL-C, yes | 1.07(0.92–1.25) | 0.39 | 1.06(0.90–1.24) | 0.48 | 1.05(0.95–1.18) | 0.33 | 0.9 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, yes | 1.00(0.85–1.16) | 0.93 | 1.23(1.06–1.43) | 0.005 | 1.11(1.00–1.24) | 0.05 | 0.003 |
| Glycemic status categories | 0.01 | ||||||
| – Normal | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| – Pre-diabetes | 0.93(0.78–1.10) | 0.40 | 1.19(1.02–1.39) | 0.03 | 1.03(0.91–1.16) | 0.62 | |
| – Diabetes | 0.91(0.66–1.25) | 0.56 | 1.09(0.79–1.50) | 0.61 | 0.98(0.78–1.23) | 0.85 | |
| CKD, yes | 0.97(0.75–1.25) | 0.8 | 1.07(0.86–1.32) | 0.55 | 1.04(0.89–1.23) | 0.60 | 0.24 |
| Family history of premature CVD, yes | 1.12(0.92–1.37) | 0.24 | 1.15(0.95–1.38) | 0.14 | 1.14(0.99–1.30) | 0.06 | 0.78 |
* Weighted by inverse probability of propensity score to adjust for baseline differences between responders and non-responders.
BMI: body mass index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.