Table 1.
Overview of reports on electrochemical methods, measurement conditions, analytical performance and sample matrix for the determination of glyphosate.
| Electrode | Technique | Medium | pH | Potential | LOD | Linear Range | Matrix | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-glyphosate-IgG magnetic beads | Amperometry | 0.10 M Citrate/PBS | 5 | −0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.03 nM | 0.29 nM–5.90 nM | Beer sample | [60] |
| HRP/PDMA-PSS/Au | Amperometry | PBS | −0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.59 nM | 0.01–0.46 µM | Spiked corn sample | [44] | |
| HRP/PDMA-PSS/Au | Amperometry | 0.10 M PBS | 6.1 | −0.28 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.95 nM | 0.01–0.47 µM | [43] | |
| SPE/Chi/CNO/TYR | Amperometry | 20.0 mM PBS | 7 | −0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 6.50 nM | 0.02–10.0 µM | Water and soil | [61] |
| HRP/PDMA-PSS/Au | Amperometry | PBS | 6.1 | −0.28 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 10.0 nM | 1.50 nM–0.082 µM | [40] | |
| Porous copper nanowires | Amperometry | 0.10 M PBS in 0.10 M KCl | 6.5 | 10.0 nM | 0.01–5.0 µM | Fresh Fruit, Vegetables | [46] | |
| Au | Amperometry | 0.10 M NaOH | 0.30 µM | 0.59–268 µM | urine, serum | [62] | ||
| NiAl-LDH/Pt | Amperometry | 0.10 M NaOH | 12.8 | 0.49 V vs. SCE | 1.0 µM | 0.01–0.90 mM | [59] | |
| Au | Amperometry | 0.10 M NaOH | 13 | 1.0 mV vs. SHE | 1.89 µM | 5.9 µM–1.06 mM | Extracted river water | [39] |
| Gold SPE | Amperometry | Tap water | 0.78 V | 2.0 µM | 18–300 µM | Ground water | [37] | |
| GCE/MWCNTs-HRP | CV | wide range buffer | 4 | −0.40 V vs. SCE | 1.32 pM | 0.10 nM–11.0 µM | Maize kernels | [51] |
| Cu/CPE, Cu/GCE | CV | 0.10 M PBS | 6.5 | 0–0.59 mM | [54] | |||
| Cu | Coulometry | 0.03 M PBS/Methanol | 6.8 | 0.05 V vs. | 0.59 µM | 0.59–200.0 µM | Tomato juice | [47] |
| MIP/GNPs-PGE | DPASV | ABS | 5.5 | −0.90 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 2.0 nM | 0.024–1.04 µM | Soil and human serum | [52] |
| HMDE | DPP | 1.0 HCl | −0.70 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.08 µM | 0.06–10.4 and 23.6–591.5 µM | Water, soil, vegetable | [56] | |
| Dropping Mercury Electrode | DPP | 0.10 M HCl | −0.80 V vs. SCE | 0.20 µM | 0.20–1.24 µM | Tap water | [55] | |
| Cu-BTC MOF/ITO | DPV | 0.10 M PBS | 5.5 | 0.10 V vs. SCE | 0.14 pM | 1.0 pM–10.0 µM | Green vegetable | [45] |
| HF-PGE/CuO/MWCNTs–IL | DPV | 0.10 PBS | 7 | 0.65 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 1.30 nM | 5.0 nM–1.10 µM | Soil and river water sample | [53] |
| MIPPy/Au | DPV | 0.10 M KCl | 0.20 V vs. SCE | 1.60 nM | 0.03–4.73 µM | Cucumber, Tap Water | [38] | |
| GCE/MWCNT/CuPc | DPV | 0.10 M PBS | 7.4 | −0.10 V vs. SCE | 12.20 nM | 0.83–9.90 µM | [48] | |
| Cu2+-Cu/GCE | DPV | ABS | 6 | −0.015 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.19 µM | 5.0–60.0 µM | Drinking water | [50] |
| Electro-aggregated silver carbonate modified-Pt | DPV and LSV | 0.1 M Na2CO3 | 40.0 µM | 0–3.80 mM | [58] | |||
| MIP-MOF | LSV | 10.0 mM [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– | 7.2 | −0.05 V vs. SCE | 4.73 nM | 5.91 nM–5.91 µM | Tap water sample | [28] |
| PPY-MIP/Au and PPy-MIP/ZnO | SWV | LiClO4 | 0.50 V vs. SCE | 0.10 pM | 0.10 pM–100 µM | [41] | ||
| PPY-MIP/Au | SWV | 0.01 M LiClO4 | 5 | 0.38 V vs. SCE | 1.0 pM | 0.10 pM–10.0 µM | [42] | |
| HMDE | SWV | 1.25 M HCl | −0.70 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.15 nM | 0.30 nM–0.59 µM | [57] | ||
| CPE | SWV | 0.20 M BR buffer | 5 | 0.95 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 2.0 nM | 0.04–2.80 µM | Milk, orange juice, agricultural formulation | [49] |
| Atemoya peroxidase immobilised on modified nanoclay | SWV | 0.10 M PBS | 7 | −0.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl | 0.18 µM | 0.59–26.90 µM | Spiked water | [63] |
Abbreviations: ABS—acetate buffer solution; CPE-carbon paste electrode; Cu-BTC MOF/ITO—Cu-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid-metal organic frameworks/Indium thin oxide; Cu/CPE—Cu/carbon paste electrode; Cu/GCE-Cu/glassy carbon electrode; CV—cyclic voltammetry; DPASV—differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry; DPP—differential pulse polarography; GCE/MWCNTs-HRP—glassy carbon electrode/multi-walled carbon nanotubes-horseradish peroxidase; GCE/MWCNT/CuPc—glassy carbon electrode/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/copper phthalocyanine; HMDE—hanging dropping mercury electrode; HRP/PDMA-PSS/Au—horseradish peroxidase/poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-poly(4- styrene sulfonic acid)/Au; HF-PGE/CuO/MWCNTs–IL—hollow fiber-pencil graphite electrode/copper oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube-ionic liquid; LOD—limit of detection; LSV—linear sweep voltammetry; MIP/GNPs-PGE—molecularly imprinted polymer/gold nanoparticles-pencil graphite electrode; MIP-MOF—molecularly imprinted polymer-metal organic framework; MIPPy/Au—molecularly imprinted polypyrrole/Au; NiAl-LDH/Pt—NiAl-layered double hydroxide/Pt; PBS-phosphate buffer solution; PPY-MIP/Au—polypyrrole-molecularly imprinted polymer/Au; PPy-MIP/ZnO—polypyrrole-molecularly imprinted polymer/zinc oxide; SCE—saturated calomel electrode; SPE—screen printed electrode; SPE/Chi/CNO/TYR—screen printed electrode/chitosan/carbon nano-onions/tyrosinase; SWV—square wave voltammetry.