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. 2020 Apr 15;20(8):2221. doi: 10.3390/s20082221

Table 2.

An overview of electrochemical techniques, performance characters, medium of measurement and sample matrix for the determination of lindane.

Electrode Technique Medium Potential LOD Linear Range Matrix Reference
PANI-microbial biosensor Amperometry 0.40 V 6.90 nM 0.02–1.72 µM [29]
α-MnO2-NW/GCE Amperometry/DPV 0.05 M TBAB solution in 60:40 methanol–water −1.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl 114 nM 1.10–510 µM Spiked tap water [75]
Vitreous carbon CV, SWV 0.1 M of TBAB in ethanol −2.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl 50.0 nM [73]
CA/GCE CV, DPV 0.05 M TBAB 60:40 methanol–water −1.50 V vs. Ag/AgCl 37.0 µM 50.0–1000 µM Lindane lotion [64]
Silver CV ACN, DMF, EtOH, ACN–H2O, DMF–H2O, EtOH–H2O 0.050 M TBABF4 −0.89 V–−1.65 V vs. SCE [67]
CuO–MnO2 DPV 0.05 M TBAB solution in 60:40 methanol–water −1.50 V vs. Ag/AgCl 4.80 nM 1.0−700 µM Tap water [32]
NiCo2O4/GCE DPV 0.05 M TBAB solution in 60:40 (v/v) methanol–water −1.50 V vs. Ag/AgCl 5.90 µM 10.0–170 µM Tap water [77]
Streptomyces strain M7 biosensor EIS 0.03 µM [30]
MWCNT-MIP-Cu Potentiometry 0.10 nM 1.0 nM–1.0 mM water, fruits and vegetables [27]
GCE/PANI-ZnO, GCE/PANI-Fe3O4, GCE/Nylon 6,6/MWCNT/ZnO, GCE/Nylon 6,6/MWCNT/Fe3O4
Concentration		 SWV 60:40 methanol/water containing 0.05M TBAB −0.80 V vs. Ag/AgCl 32.0 nM 9.90 pM–5.0 µM Tap waters [76]
vitreous carbon SWV 0.10 M Bu4NBF4 in DMF ((DPA as mediator) −1.73 V vs. Ag/AgCl 40.0–1000 µM [70]
GCE 0.10 M TBABF4 in DMF −1.40 V vs. Ag/AgCl [71]
Hg/Pt 0.10 M TBAB in DMSO −1.52 V vs. SCE Sewage sludge, soil [74]

Abbreviations: ACN—acetonitrile; CA/GCE-cellulose acetate/glassy carbon electrode; CV—cyclic voltammetry; DMF—n,n-dimethylformamide; DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide; DPA—9,10-diphenylanthracene; DPV-differential pulse voltammetry; EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GCE—glassy carbon electrode; GCE/Nylon 6,6/MWCNT—glassy carbon electrode/nylon 6,6/multi-walled carbon nanotubes; GCE/PANI—glassy carbon electrode/polyaniline; LOD—limit of detection; MWCNT-MIP-—multi-walled carbon nanotube-molecularly imprinted polymer; PANI—polyaniline; SCE—saturated calomel electrode; SWV—square wave voltammetry; TBAB—tetraethylammonium bromide; α-MnO2-NW/GCE—α-manganese oxide nanowire/glassy carbon electrode.