Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Groups(n) | Gender (male/female) | Age (years) | Patients | Stimulation location | Parameters | Treatment duration | Follow-up | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anders 2010, [21] | Real: 26 Sham: 26 |
Real: 12/10 Sham: 17/3 |
Real: 48.09 ± 14.86 Sham: 50.05 ± 13.97 |
Tinnitus > 6 months | Left primary auditory cortex | 1 Hz, 110% RMT, 1500 pulses | 2 weeks | Posttreatment, 1 month, 6 months | THI, TQ, VAS |
| Marcondes 2010, [20] | Real: 10 Sham: 9 |
Not reported | >18 years old | Tinnitus > 3 months | Left temporoparietal cortex | 1 Hz, 110% RMT, 1020 pulses | 5 days | 1 month, 6 months | THI |
| Langguth 2012, [19] | Real: 96 Sham: 45 |
Real: 67/29 Sham: 31/14 |
Real: 50.4 ± 12.5 Sham: 50.3 ± 12.9 |
Tinnitus > 3 months | Left temporal cortex | 1 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses | 2 weeks | Posttreatment, 7 weeks, 11 weeks | TQ |
| Barwood 2013, [18] | Real: 4 Sham: 4 |
Real: 2/2 Sham: 2/2 |
Real: 40.25 ± 4.92 Sham: 44.5 ± 13.03 |
Tinnitus > 1 month | Left primary auditory cortex | 1 Hz, 100% RMT, 2000 pulses | 2 weeks | 1 week, 1 month, 3 months | THI |
| Hoekstra 2013, [17] | Real: 26 Sham: 24 |
Real: 26/0 Sham: 15/9 |
Real: 50 ± 12 Sham: 55 ± 12 |
Tinnitus > 2 months | Bilateral primary auditory cortex | 1 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses | 5 days | Posttreatment, 1 month, 6 months | THI, TQ, VAS |
| Folmer 2015, [16] | Real: 32 Sham: 32 |
Real: 25/7 Sham: 26/6 |
Real: 58.3 ± 9.5 Sham: 62.8 ± 8.3 |
Tinnitus > 1 year | Left or right auditory cortex | 1 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses | 2 weeks | Posttreatment | THI |
| Wang 2016, [22] | Real: 14 Sham: 10 |
Real: 6/8 Sham: 3/10 |
Real: 62.1 ± 9.81 Sham: 56.4 ± 11.8 |
Tinnitus > 6 months | Left temporoparietal cortex | 1 Hz, 110%MT, 1000 pulses | 2 weeks | Posttreatment | VAS |
| Landgrebe 2017, [12] | Real: 71 Sham: 75 |
Real: 54/17 Sham: 51/24 |
Real: 48.1 ± 12.5 Sham: 49.9 ± 13.2 |
Tinnitus > 6 months | Left temporal cortex | 1 Hz,110% RMT, 2000 pulses | 2 weeks | Posttreatment, 6 months | THI, TQ |
| Sahlsten 2017, [15] | Real: 19 Sham: 20 |
27/12 | Real: 48.9 ± 13.1 Sham: 51.5 ± 10.7 |
Tinnitus > 6 months | Left auditory cortex | 1 Hz,100% RMT, 4000 pulses | 2 weeks | 1 week, 1 month, 6 months | THI, VAS |
| Kyong 2019, [14] | Real: 16 Sham: 8 |
Real: 10/6 Sham: 6/2 |
Real: 56.4 ± 7.4 Sham: 50.9 ± 7.1 |
Tinnitus > 6 months | Temporal cortex or the temporal and the frontal regions | 1 Hz,110% RMT, 3000 pulses | 2 weeks | Posttreatment | THI |
Real = real group; sham = sham group; RMT = resting motor threshold; THI = Tinnitus Handicap Inventory; TQ = Tinnitus Questionnaire; VAS = visual analogue scale.