Figure 2.

Effects of AVEE on the inductions of NO and inflammatory cytokines by LPS. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with the various concentrations of AVEE (12.5, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL) 3 h before LPS stimulation, and then for a further 18 h in the presence of LPS (1 μg/mL). No concentrations were measured using a Griess reagent system (a). PGE₂ (b), TNF-α (c), and IL-1β (d) expressions were quantified by ELISA as described in Materials and Methods. Results are presented as the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. ^##P < 0.01 versus treatment naïve controls. ^∗P < 0.05 and ^∗∗P < 0.01 versus LPS controls.