TABLE 4.

Summary of Individual Studies^a

Author	Activating Agent	Model	N	Intervention	Growth Factors Assessed	Decrease in Factors?
Anitua et al2	CaCl2	Human, in vivo	12	ASA, acenocoumarol, glucosamine	PDGF-AB, VEGF, IGF-1, mitogenesis	No
Anitua et al1	CaCl2	Human, in vivo	20	ASA, acenocoumarol, glucosamine, glucosamine + chondroitin	HGF, PDGF-AB, TGF-β1, VEGF	No
Yazawa et al34	TBN	Human, in vitro	5	PGE1, PGE1 + ASA + apyrase	PDGF-AB, TGF-β1	No
Smith et al23	TBN	Human, in vivo	18	ASA, ASA + clopidogrel	PDGF-BB, TGF-β1	No
Vissinger et al29	TBN	Human, in vivo	12	Dipyridamole	PDGF	No
Ludwig et al18	TBN	Dog, in vivo	10	Carprofen	TGF-β1, PDGF-BB	No
Jayaram et al12	TBN, AA, none	Human, in vivo	12	ASA	VEGF, PDGF-AB, TGF-β1	With TBN, ASA slightly attenuated the release of PDGF-AB alone. With AA, ASA significantly inhibited the release of all 3 growth factors.
Kariyazono et al14	Collagen, ADP, AA	Human, in vitro	8	ASA, cilostazol, ramatroban	TGF-β1	Yes with ASA, cilostazol, ramatroban
Lanas et al16	Collagen	Human, in vivo and fibroblast in vitro	5	ASA	Mitogenesis	Yes
Vissinger et al30	Collagen	Human, in vivo	12	ASA	PDGF	Yes
Wilson et al32	ADP	Human, in vivo and rat, in vitro	50	ASA + placebo, ASA + clopidogrel	PDGF	Yes with clopidogrel + ASA but not ASA alone
Tian et al27	TBN and calcium gluconate	Human, in vivo	44	Either ASA or clopidogrel	EGF, FGF-2, IGF-1, VEGF-A, GDF-11, PDGF-AB/BB, PDGF-AA	Yes, FGF-2, PDGF-AA, and GDF-11 in the CVD and antiplatelet group compared with healthy controls. Growth factors were also diminished with age and diagnosis of DM.
Takehara et al26	None	Human, in vivo and fibroblast in vitro	3	Dipyridamole, ASA, trapidil, ticlopidine	Mitogenesis, PDGF	Yes with dipyridamole
Zhao et al36	None	Human, in vivo	22	ASA, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ASA + clopidogrel, ASA + dipyridamole, clopidogrel + dipyridamole, ASA + clopidogrel + dipyridamole	PDGF	Yes with ASA in healthy volunteers but not in patients with stroke
Jagroop et al11	None	Human, in vivo	20	Clopidogrel or ASA then clopidogrel + ASA	PDGF-AB	No

^aAA, arachidonic acid; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2; GDF-11, growth differentiation factor 11; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGE1, prostaglandin E1; TBN, thrombin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.