TABLE 4.

Prospective observational studies of the association of hormone therapy and all-cause mortality

Reference	Year	Group studied	RR	95% CI
Burch et al¹¹	1974	Hysterectomized women, Nashville, TN	0.4	Not reported
Wilson et al¹²	1985	Framingham Study, MA	0.97	Not significant
Bush et al¹³	1987	Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study, North America	0.54	0.29–0.79
Petitti et al¹⁴	1987	Kaiser HMO, Walnut Creek, CA	0.8	0.6–1.1
Criqui et al¹⁵	1988	Rancho Bernardo, CA	0.69	0.55–0.87
Snowdon et al¹⁶	1989	Seventh Day Adventists, CA
		Natural menopause	1.13	0.88–1.45
		Surgical menopause	0.80	0.56–1.14
Hunt et al¹⁷	1990	British menopausal clinics	0.56	0.47–0.66
Paganini-Hill¹⁸	1994	Leisure World Cohort Study, CA	0.82	P < 0.01
Sturgeon et al¹⁹	1995	Breast Cancer Demonstration Project, USA	0.7	0.7–0.8
Folsom et al²⁰	1995	Iowa’s Women’s Health Study	0.73^a	0.61–0.86
Ettinger et al²¹	1996	Kaiser HMO, San Francisco, CA	0.54	0.38–0.76
Schairer et al²²	1997	Uppsala, Sweden	0.77	0.73–0.81
Goldstein et al²³	1997	Nurses’ Health Study, USA	0.58^a	0.52–0.64
Cauley et al²⁴	1997	Study of Osteoporotic Fractures	0.69^a	0.54–0.87
Rodriguez et al²⁵	2001	Cancer Prevention Study, USA	0.82	0.78–0.87
Alexander et al²⁶	2001	Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study	0.36	0.17–0.77

HMO, health maintenance organization; RR, risk ratio.

Current users.