Figure 1.

Experimental protocol. A, Timeline of one individual trial. Each trial consisted of a neurofeedback phase followed by a cued pinch movement. After the finger pinch motor task, a message was displayed (“Well done!” or “Could be better!”) depending on whether the RT of the previous movement was shorter or longer than 500 ms. If movement onset was not detected within 2 s after the go-cue, the message “Missed!” was displayed. For the real feedback group, β bursts were detected in real time and used to drive the movement of the basketball in the neurofeedback phase based on EEG signals recorded from the motor cortex contralateral to the hand performing the pinch movements. For the sham feedback group, the β bursts were calculated based on a replay of EEG signals recorded from other participants. B, The timeline of one experimental run which consisted of 30 s of resting, and one block of 10 continuous training trials and one block of 10 continuous no training trials. The instruction for each block was presented for 10 s before the block starts. The order of the training and no training blocks was randomized. At the beginning of each experimental run, the threshold was recalculated based on recordings made at rest.