Table 2.

Existing interventions in RA: overview of theoretical integration into design and evaluation using the Theory Coding Scheme.

Author	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19
Minor et al., 1989; 1993	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—†	✓A.C	✓A	—†	—	✓	—	—
Brus et al., 1998	✓	✓	✓	—	—†	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓C	—	—	—	—	—
Feldthusen et al., 2003	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—†	—	✓D	—†	—	—	—	—
Van den Berg et al., 2006; Hurkmans et al., 2010	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓D	—	—	—	—	—
Mayoux-benhamou et al., 2008	—	—†	—	—	—	—	—	—	—†	—	—	—	—	✓D	—	—	—	—	—
Brodin et al., 2008; Sjoquist et al., 2011	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓B	—†	✓D	No	N/A		—	—
Baxter et al., 2015	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓B	✓ A.C,D,E	✓B	No	N/A	—	—	—
Knittle et al., 2015; Knittle et al., 2016	✓	✓	—	—		—	—	✓	N/A	✓	N/A	✓B	✓ A.C	✓C	✓	✓D	Partial	Partial	—
Nordgren et al., 2015; Nordgren et al., 2018	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	✓	✓	N/A	✓B	✓B.C,E,F	—	✓	No	Partial	N/A	—
Garner et al., 2018	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓E	✓C	—	—	—	—	—
Gilbert et al., 2018	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	✓ B	✓A.C,E,F	✓D	—	—	—	—	—
Katz et al., 2018	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓D	—	—	—	—	—
Sedentary behaviour
Thomsen et al., 2017; Thomsen et al., 2016	✓	—†		—	—	—	—	✓	—		—	—†	✓† E, F	✓B	—†	—	—	—	—

Details of TCS:

[1] Theory/model of behaviour mentioned

[2] Targeted construct (determinant) mentioned as a predictor of the behaviour

[3] Intervention based on a single theory

[4] Theory/predictors used to select recipients for the intervention

[5] Theory/predictors used to select/develop intervention techniques

[6] Theory/predictors used to tailor intervention techniques to recipients

[7] All intervention techniques are explicitly linked to at least one theory—relevant construct/predictor

[8] At least one, but not all, of the intervention techniques are explicitly linked to at least one theory— relevant construct/predictor

[9] Group of techniques are linked to a group of constructs/predictors

[10] All theory—relevant constructs/predictors are explicitly linked to at least one intervention technique.

[11] At least one, but not all, of the theory relevant constructs/predictors are explicitly linked to at least one intervention technique

[12] Theory—relevant constructs/predictors are measured; (a) at least one mentioned in relation to the intervention is measured pre—intervention (b) pre and post intervention

[13] Quality of measures; theory constructs — reliability = (a) all, (b) at least one (but not all); validity = (c) all, (d) at least one (but not all); behaviour measures (PA and sedentary behaviour) – (e) evidence for reliability, (f) previously validated.

[14] Randomisation of participants; (a) authors claim randomisation, (b) method of random allocation described, (c) success of randomisation tested (d) randomisation successful

[15] Changes in measured theory—relevant constructs/predictor

[16] Mediational analysis of construct/s/predictors; in addition to 15, (a) Mediator predicts DV? (or change in mediator leads to change in DV), (b) Mediator predicts DV (when controlling for IV), (c) intervention does not predict DV when controlling for mediator, (d) mediated effect statistically significant

[17] Results are discussed in relation to theory. Partial – theoretical constructs discussed, but not tied to overarching theory.

[18] Appropriate support for theory – based on appropriate mediation OR refutation of the theory is based on obtaining appropriate null effects. Partial – support for mediator but not tied to overarching theory.

[19] Results used to refine theory

Note: Data extracted according to the Theory Coding Scheme (TCS) criteria for each intervention. Numbers 1—19 refer to TCS criteria (see Details of TCS). Symbols indicate TCS criteria was met (= ✓) or not met (= —), and where additional explanation is provided to clarify coding decision (= —†, see Table 3). Where A – F is indicated for items 12–16, this refers to criteria as referred to under Details of TCS.