Table 1.
Characteristics of the reviewed studies
| Study | Focus | Environmental/developmental factors | Psychopathy checklist | Forensic/clinical sample | Adults | Males and females |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yang, Raine, Narr, Colletti, and Toga (2009) | Brain volume/activation | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Yang, Raine, Colletti, Toga, and Narr (2010) | Brain volume/activation | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Marsh et al. (2013) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Pardini, Raine, Erickson, and Loeber (2014) | Brain volume/activation | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Boccardi et al. (2011) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Jones, Laurens, Herba, Barker, and Viding (2009) | Brain volume/activation | No | No | No | No | No |
| Marsh et al. (2011) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| White et al. (2012b) | Brain volume/activation | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Birbaumer et al. (2005) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Hyde, Byrd, Votruba-Drzal, Hariri, and Manuck (2014) | Brain volume/activation | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Raine, Lencz, Bihrle, LaCasse, and Colletti (2000) | Brain volume/activation | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Ermer, Cope, Nyalakanti, Calhoun, and Kiehl (2012) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| de Oliveira-Souza et al. (2008) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Raine et al. (2003) | Brain volume/activation | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Soderstrom et al. (2002) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Laakso et al. (2001) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Müller et al. (2003) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Rilling et al. (2007) | Brain volume/activation | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Barkataki, Kumari, Das, Taylor, and Sharma (2006) | Brain volume/activation | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Kiehl et al. (2004) | Brain volume/activation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Longato-Stadler, af Klinteberg, Garpenstrand, Oreland, and Hallman (2002) | Genetics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Chen et al. (2005) | Genetics | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Young et al. (2006) | Genetics | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
| Hoenicka et al. (2007) | Genetics | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Ponce et al. (2008) | Genetics | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Williams et al. (2009) | Genetics | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Fowler et al. (2009) | Genetics | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Garcia, Aluja, Fibla, Cuevas, and García (2010) | Genetics | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Sadeh et al. experiment I (2010) | Genetics | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Sadeh et al. experiment II (2010) | Genetics | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Basoglu et al. (2011) | Genetics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Wu and Barnes (2013) | Genetics | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Sadeh, Javdani, and Verona (2013) | Genetics | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Beaver et al. (2013) | Genetics | No | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Van de Giessen et al. (2014) | Genetics | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Dadds et al. (2014) | Genetics | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Kolla et al. (2015) | Genetics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Rautiainen et al. (2016) | Genetics | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Caspi et al. (2002) | Genetics | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Hallikainen et al. (1999) | Genetics | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Dolan and Anderson (2003) | Neurotransmitter | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| da Cunha-Bang et al. (2016) | Neurotransmitter | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Buckholtz et al. (2010) | Neurotransmitter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Fanning, Berman, Guillot, Marsic, and McCloskey (2014) | Neurotransmitter | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Stanley et. al. (2000) | Neurotransmitter | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Moul, Dobson-Stone, Brennan, Hawes, and Dadds (2013) | Neurotransmitter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Soderstrom, Blennow, Sjodin, and Forsman (2003) | Neurotransmitter | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Rosell et al. (2010) | Neurotransmitter | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Moore, Scarpa and Raine (2002) | Neurotransmitter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Gerra et al. (2003) | Neurotransmitter | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |