Table 6.

The impact of acute exposure to a drug of abuse on HPA axis activity. The studies in non-human experimental animals assessed the HPA effects of a single, first-time drug exposure. However, for the studies in human subjects, prior drug exposure varied based on each study’s inclusion criteria.

Drug of abuse	Species	Effect on HPA axis activity	Literature References
Amphetamine	Rat	↑	(260, 531)
	Human	↑	(242)
Cocaine	Rat	↑	(61, 72, 285, 345, 407, 445, 470, 471)
	Rhesus monkey	↑	(473)
	Human	↑	(34, 204, 333, 541)
Ethanol	Rat	↑	(194, 264, 280, 391, 436, 442, 516)
	Mouse	↑	(281)
Nicotine	Rat	↑	(138, 326)
	Human	↑	(334, 582)
Opioid	Rat	↑	(232, 366, 619)
	Human	↓	(14, 170, 441, 613)
Cannabinoid	Rat	↑	(229, 261, 315, 419, 580, 618)
	Mouse	↑	(236, 365)
	Human	↑	(122)