Table 8.

Effects of glucocorticoid manipulations on performance in rodent learning and memory tests. GR= glucocorticoid receptor.

Glucocorticoid Manipulation	Test	Effect on Performance	Literature References
Reduced GR signaling (blocking synthesis, GR antagonism, GR genetic inactivation)	Morris water maze Fear conditioning Eye blink conditioning	↓ ↓ ↓	(12, 108, 371–373, 450, 565) (111, 158) (50, 51, 495, 596)
Moderate increase during or directly after training (either stress- or pharmacologically-induced)	Morris water maze Fear conditioning Eye blink conditioning	↑ ↑ ↑	(107, 353, 463) (113, 338, 433, 464) (50, 51, 495, 596)
Large increase during training or before testing (severe stress- or pharmacologically-induced)	Morris water maze Fear conditioning Radial arm water maze Delayed alternation T-maze Delayed alternation T-maze	↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑	(135, 136, 422, 452, 461, 465, 597) (595) (135, 136, 597) (32, 453) (608, 609)