Table 4.
Sociodemographic, clinical, histopathologic, and cancer-related outcome associations with H. pylori positive gastric cancer compared to H. pylori negative gastric cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported for univariate and multivariate models, adjusted for age and race.
| H. pylori positive | H. pylori positive (including suspected) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex (ref female) | ||||
| Male | --- | --- | 2.11 (0.28–15.74) | |
| Race (ref non-Hispanic white) | ||||
| Black | 2.12 (0.78–5.75) | --- | 1.66 (0.63–4.38) | --- |
| Hispanic | 2.19 (0.52–9.23) | --- | 7.06 (0.79–62.72) | --- |
| Other | 0.88 (0.08–9.70) | --- | 0.24 (0.02–2.54) | --- |
| Age (ref <60 years) | ||||
| 60–70 | 0.45 (0.14–1.49) | --- | 1.29 (0.39–4.31) | --- |
| 70+ | 0.53 (0.15–1.82) | --- | 1.70 (0.47–6.18) | --- |
| BMI (ref <25) | ||||
| 25–29 | 0.68 (0.18–2.47) | 0.79 (0.20–3.12) | 1.18 (0.34–4.08) | 1.14 (0.28–4.60) |
| 30+ | 1.11 (0.34–3.63) | 1.13 (0.33–3.90) | 0.82 (0.22–3.03) | 1.34 (0.37–4.88) |
| GERD | 0.70 (0.29–1.67) | 0.85 (0.33–2.17) | 0.65 (0.27–1.57) | 0.70 (0.27–1.86) |
| Dyspepsia | 0.85 (0.36–2.02) | 0.77 (0.30–1.97) | 0.65 (0.27–1.57) | 0.70 (0.27–1.84) |
| PPI in the last 10 years | 1.30 (0.55–3.06) | 1.39 (0.56–3.44) | 0.96 (0.40–2.33) | 0.93 (0.36–2.40) |
| Smoking (ref Never) | ||||
| Current | 2.14 (0.63–7.26) | 1.48 (0.38–5.71) | 2.47 (0.73–8.34) | 2.82 (0.70–11.26) |
| Former | 1.57 (0.51–4.85) | 1.17 (0.35–3.87) | 2.17 (0.74–6.34) | 1.75 (0.55–5.57) |
| Alcohol (ref Never) | ||||
| Current | 1.77 (0.65–4.84) | 1.47 (0.49–4.40) | 0.92 (0.29–2.88) | 0.93 (0.27–3.21) |
| Former | 0.58 (0.19–1.71) | 0.48 (0.15–1.51) | 0.30 (0.10–0.87) | 0.29 (0.09–0.91) |
| Family history of gastric cancer | 1.20 (0.30–4.84) | 1.06 (0.25–4.47) | 0.31 (0.08–1.27) | 0.21 (0.04–1.00) |
| Gastritis (ref None or Inactive/chronic) | ||||
| Active/acute | 3.62 (1.25–10.45) | 3.74 (1.25–11.20) | 2.21 (0.65–7.52) | 2.79 (0.75–10.45) |
| Atrophic gastritis | 9.35 (1.88–46.38) | 15.30 (2.67–87.90) | --- | --- |
| Intestinal metaplasia | 3.33 (1.33–8.38) | 3.65 (1.31–10.16) | --- | --- |
| Cancer Stage (ref Early Stage 0–1) | ||||
| Late (stage 2–4) | 0.85 (0.34–2.12) | 0.82 (0.32–2.08) | 0.07 (0.01–0.85) | 0.30 (0.09–1.00) |
| Chemotherapy | 1.17 (0.48–2.86) | 1.09 (0.42–2.82) | 0.58 (0.23–1.50) | 0.54 (0.20–1.50) |
| Radiation | 0.20 (0.04–0.97) | 0.13 (0.03–0.69) | 0.64 (0.20–2.03) | 0.51 (0.15–1.73) |
| Surgery | 1.46 (0.58–3.70) | 1.59 (0.60–4.17) | 2.98 (0.99–8.99) | 3.43 (1.07–11.02) |
| Endoscopic resection | 4.00 (0.92–17.34) | 3.63 (0.81–16.25) | --- | --- |
BMI: body mass index; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPI: proton pump inhibitor