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. 2020 May 13;10:7932. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64787-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Estimates of the ionospheric conductive (dynamo) region limits for orbits 288–293, plotted in altitude above 1 bar (a–f) and $H_{2}$ number density (g–l). Inbound markers are filled, outbound markers are empty. The larger blue markers show the negative ions and dust grains, the smaller red markers show the positive ions. Brightest colours show the minimum estimate (for the masses derived from RPWS/LP, see the Methods section). Colour gradient shows mass dependency, which is largely due to a lower gyrofrequency of the heavier particles. Red shade shows combined standard error for the lower limit.