Table 1.
Patient characteristics, therapies, and outcomes in the survival and nonsurvival groups
| Survival (n = 1611) |
Nonsurvival (n = 739) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICU management policy | 0.034 | ||
| Closed, n (%) | 939 (58.3) | 459 (62.1) | |
| Open, n (%) | 386 (24.0) | 180 (24.4) | |
| Other, n (%) | 286 (17.8) | 100 (13.5) | |
| Admission route to the ICU | < 0.001 | ||
| Emergency department, n (%) | 700 (43.5) | 299 (40.5) | |
| Other hospital, n (%) | 517 (32.1) | 167 (22.6) | |
| Ward, n (%) | 394 (24.5) | 273 (36.9) | |
| Age (years) | 71 (60, 79) | 73 (64, 80) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 947 (58.8) | 469 (63.5) | 0.031 |
| Body weight (kg) | 55.7 (47.8, 65.0) | 54.2 (47.0, 63.0) | 0.008 |
| Pre-existing organ insufficiency or immunosuppression based on APACHE II score | |||
| Liver, n (%) | 48 (3.0) | 61 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory, n (%) | 54 (3.4) | 40 (5.4) | 0.018 |
| Cardiovascular, n (%) | 78 (4.8) | 67 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
| Renal, n (%) | 95 (5.9) | 86 (11.6) | < 0.001 |
| Immunocompromised, n (%) | 202 (12.5) | 170 (23.0) | < 0.001 |
| Pre-existing haemostatic disorders | |||
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 48 (3.0) | 55 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
| Haematological malignancy, n (%) | 31 (1.9) | 48 (6.5) | < 0.001 |
| Chemotherapy, n (%) | 48 (3.0) | 61 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| Warfarin intake, n (%) | 71 (4.4) | 30 (4.1) | 0.700 |
| Other, n (%) | 23 (1.4) | 26 (3.5) | 0.001 |
| APACHE II score | 21 (16, 26) | 28 (21, 35) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA score | 9 (6, 11) | 12 (9, 15) | < 0.001 |
| SIRS score | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 0.031 |
| JAAM-DIC score | 3 (2, 5) | 5 (3, 6) | < 0.001 |
| Blood lactate (mmol/L) | 2.6 (1.6, 4.6) | 4.5 (2.1, 8.9) | < 0.001 |
| Blood culture | < 0.001 | ||
| Not taken, n (%) | 87 (5.4) | 23 (3.1) | |
| Positive, n (%) | 659 (40.9) | 364 (49.3) | |
| Negative, n (%) | 865 (53.7) | 352 (47.6) | |
| Microorganisms | 0.033 | ||
| Unknown, n (%) | 352 (21.8) | 150 (20.3) | |
| Virus, n (%) | 14 (0.9) | 7 (0.9) | |
| Gram-negative rod, n (%) | 606 (37.6) | 239 (32.3) | |
| Gram-positive coccus, n (%) | 381 (23.6) | 185 (25.0) | |
| Fungus, n (%) | 25 (1.6) | 16 (2.2) | |
| Mixed infection, n (%) | 203 (12.6) | 127 (17.2) | |
| Others, n (%) | 30 (1.9) | 15 (2.0) | |
| Primary source of infection | < 0.001 | ||
| Unknown, n (%) | 75 (4.7) | 69 (9.3) | |
| Catheter-related bloodstream infection, n (%) | 17 (1.1) | 12 (1.6) | |
| Bone or soft tissue, n (%) | 220 (13.7) | 80 (10.8) | |
| Cardiovascular system, n (%) | 33 (2.0) | 12 (1.6) | |
| Central nervous system, n (%) | 34 (2.1) | 18 (2.4) | |
| Urinary tract, n (%) | 295 (18.3) | 63 (8.5) | |
| Lung or thoracic cavity, n (%) | 366 (22.7) | 249 (33.7) | |
| Abdomen, n (%) | 541 (33.6) | 228 (30.9) | |
| Other, n (%) | 30 (1.9) | 8 (1.1) | |
| Specific treatments | |||
| Surgical intervention, n (%) | 740 (45.9) | 250 (33.8) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilator, (days) | 4 (0, 9) | 5 (2, 16) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 1166 (72.4) | 663 (89.7) | < 0.001 |
| Immunoglobulins, n (%) | 520 (32.3) | 271 (36.7) | 0.036 |
| Low-dose steroids, n (%) | 330 (20.5) | 286 (38.7) | < 0.001 |
| Veno-arterial ECMO, n (%) | 5 (0.3) | 18 (2.4) | < 0.001 |
| Veno-venous ECMO, n (%) | 15 (0.9) | 19 (2.6) | 0.002 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pumping, n (%) | 4 (0.2) | 6 (0.8) | 0.081 |
| Therapeutic interventions for DIC | |||
| ART-123, n (%) | 489 (30.4) | 231 (31.3) | 0.659 |
| Antithrombin, n (%) | 541 (33.6) | 279 (37.8) | 0.049 |
| Protease inhibitors, n (%) | 185 (11.5) | 120 (16.2) | 0.001 |
| Heparinoids, n (%) | 85 (5.3) | 36 (4.9) | 0.680 |
| Antithrombotic drugs for conditions other than DIC | |||
| Heparin, n (%) | 210 (13.0) | 87 (11.8) | 0.392 |
| Warfarin, n (%) | 23 (1.4) | 4 (0.5) | 0.061 |
| Anti-platelet drugs, n (%) | 35 (2.2) | 13 (1.8) | 0.511 |
| Other, n (%) | 12 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | 0.415 |
| Nafamostat mesylate for blood purifications, n (%) | 398 (24.7) | 298 (40.3) | < 0.001 |
| Blood purifications | |||
| PMX-HP, n (%) | 332 (20.6) | 189 (25.6) | 0.007 |
| RRT, n (%) | 369 (22.9) | 327 (44.2) | < 0.001 |
| RRT for non-renal indications, n (%) | 115 (7.1) | 80 (10.8) | 0.003 |
| Plasma exchange, n (%) | 8 (0.5) | 15 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Concomitant treatment with ART-123 and PMX-HP, n (%) | 164 (10.2) | 83 (11.2) | 0.440 |
| Bleeding complications, n (%) | 155 (9.6) | 129 (17.5) | < 0.001 |
| Time from ICU admission to hospital discharge (days) | 33 (18, 61) | 14 (3, 30.5) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range)
APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU intensive care unit, JAAM Japanese Association for Acute Medicine, PMX-HP polymyxin B‑immobilised haemoperfusion, RRT renal replacement therapy, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment