Table 2.
Subject characteristics according to age groups.
| Whole study group | Group 1: 6-7 years | Group 2: 8-9 years | Group 3: 10-11 years | Significance between groups | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | N | Median | 25th | 75th | N | Median | 25th | 75th | N | Median | 25th | 75th | N | Median | 25th | 75th | X2 | DF | p-value | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 3 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 76 | 8.00 | 7.00 | 9.00 | 23 | 7.00 | 6.00 | 7.00 | 43 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 9.00 | 10 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.25 | 62.837 | 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 76 | 132.50 | 127.00 | 142.00 | 23 | 126.00 | 121.00 | 128.00 | 43 | 134.00 | 131.00 | 142.00 | 10 | 145.00 | 140.75 | 151.50 | 38.924 | 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.032 |
| Weight (kg) | 76 | 28.00 | 25.00 | 34.00 | 23 | 25.00 | 23.00 | 27.00 | 43 | 30.00 | 26.10 | 34.00 | 10 | 36.00 | 31.33 | 40.50 | 22.759 | 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.122 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 76 | 15.80 | 14.90 | 17.40 | 23 | 15.87 | 14.11 | 17.16 | 43 | 15.75 | 14.92 | 17.12 | 10 | 17.32 | 15.39 | 18.02 | 1.605 | 2 | 0.448 | / | / | / |
| BMI-SDS-LMS | 76 | 0.00 | −0.70 | 0.60 | 23 | 0.18 | −0.92 | 0.76 | 43 | −0.27 | −0.76 | 0.73 | 10 | 0.20 | −0.56 | 0.52 | 0.560 | 2 | 0.756 | / | / | / |
| Height-SDS-LMS | 76 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 1.10 | 23 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 1.03 | 43 | 0.40 | −0.14 | 1.11 | 10 | 0.33 | −0.25 | 0.95 | 0.546 | 2 | 0.761 | / | / | / |
| Fitness parameters | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 76 | 49.00 | 44.30 | 53.30 | 23 | 50.51 | 42.45 | 53.49 | 43 | 48.13 | 44.29 | 53.17 | 10 | 50.77 | 48.51 | 53.00 | 10.938 | 2 | 0.004 | 0.088 | 0.004 | 1.000 |
| Shuttle run rounds | 76 | 30.50 | 20.00 | 43.00 | 23 | 20.00 | 16.00 | 30.00 | 43 | 38.00 | 25.00 | 47.00 | 10 | 31.50 | 21.75 | 49.50 | 10.362 | 2 | 0.006 | 0.168 | 0.005 | 1.000 |
| Hand-grip left (kg) | 76 | 11.30 | 8.50 | 14.70 | 23 | 8.33 | 5.33 | 11.00 | 43 | 12.33 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 10 | 15.17 | 13.00 | 17.75 | 21.770 | 2 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.251 |
| Hand-grip right (kg) | 76 | 12.70 | 9.30 | 15.50 | 23 | 9.00 | 7.33 | 11.00 | 43 | 14.00 | 11.00 | 16.00 | 10 | 14.83 | 13.92 | 17.00 | 24.113 | 2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.648 |
| Cardiovascular Parameters | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 76 | 83.00 | 73.30 | 91.80 | 23 | 83.00 | 75.00 | 88.00 | 43 | 83.00 | 73.00 | 91.00 | 10 | 90.50 | 72.25 | 93.75 | 0.702 | 2 | 0.704 | / | / | / |
| PSBP (mmHg) | 76 | 114.00 | 104.00 | 118.00 | 23 | 106.00 | 101.00 | 116.00 | 43 | 114.00 | 105.00 | 119.00 | 10 | 114.00 | 111.50 | 121.25 | 4.858 | 2 | 0.088 | / | / | / |
| PDBP (mmHg) | 76 | 66.00 | 60.30 | 71.80 | 23 | 64.00 | 58.00 | 69.00 | 43 | 66.00 | 60.00 | 73.00 | 10 | 67.50 | 61.00 | 72.50 | 1.035 | 2 | 0.596 | / | / | / |
| CSBP (mmHg) | 76 | 96.00 | 89.00 | 102.50 | 23 | 90.00 | 87.00 | 97.00 | 43 | 96.00 | 91.00 | 103.00 | 10 | 100.00 | 94.25 | 104.50 | 6.199 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.125 | 0.086 | 1.000 |
| CDBP (mmHg) | 76 | 68.00 | 61.30 | 73.00 | 23 | 66.00 | 58.00 | 70.00 | 43 | 68.00 | 62.00 | 75.00 | 10 | 69.50 | 63.25 | 74.50 | 2.474 | 2 | 0.290 | / | / | / |
| PWV (m/s) | 76 | 4.50 | 4.20 | 4.70 | 23 | 4.30 | 4.10 | 4.60 | 43 | 4.60 | 4.30 | 4.70 | 10 | 4.60 | 4.45 | 4.80 | 8.517 | 2 | 0.014 | 0.030 | 0.052 | 1.000 |
| BP systolic SDS (z) -Score | 76 | 1.40 | 0.40 | 2.10 | 23 | 0.90 | 0.19 | 2.08 | 43 | 1.59 | 0.52 | 2.12 | 10 | 1.16 | 0.51 | 1.61 | 2.345 | 2 | 0.310 | / | / | / |
| BP diastolic SDS (z) -Score | 76 | 0.60 | −0.30 | 1.40 | 23 | 0.35 | −0.48 | 1.29 | 43 | 0.67 | −0.26 | 1.72 | 10 | 0.50 | −0.40 | 1.36 | 0.172 | 2 | 0.918 | / | / | / |
| PWV age (z) -Score | 53 | 1.40 | 0.20 | 2.50 | 0 | / | / | / | 43 | 1.68 | −0.04 | 2.92 | 10 | 0.79 | 0.25 | 1.84 | 1.990 | 1 | 0.158 | / | / | / |
| PWV height (z) -Score | 70 | 0.90 | −0.60 | 2.10 | 18 | 0.83 | −1.17 | 2.16 | 42 | 1.03 | −0.52 | 2.10 | 10 | 0.78 | −0.15 | 1.26 | 0.599 | 2 | 0.741 | / | / | / |
| CSBD age (z) -Score | 53 | 0.90 | 0.20 | 2.30 | 0 | / | / | / | 43 | 0.91 | 0.16 | 2.50 | 10 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 1.70 | 0.167 | 1 | 0.682 | / | / | / |
| CSBD height (z) -Score | 70 | 0.60 | −0.30 | 1.70 | 18 | 0.89 | −0.57 | 1.72 | 42 | 0.42 | −0.33 | 1.73 | 10 | 0.53 | −0.17 | 1.72 | 0.119 | 2 | 0.942 | / | / | / |
P < 0.05 are shown in bold. DF, degrees of freedom; X2 Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared; BMI, body mass index; PSBP, peripheral systolic blood pressure; PDBP, peripheral diastolic blood pressure; CSBP, central systolic blood pressure; CDBP, central diastolic blood pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure.