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. 2019 Nov 28;29(5):675–682. doi: 10.1007/s10068-019-00704-7

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Proposed mechanism by which AGE-4 induced with fibrosis marker expression. Exposure to AGE-4 activate RAGE. Its activation increases NF-κB activation, which affects the protein levels of the MMP-2 and MMP-9. Finally, AGE-4 binding RAGE induced MAPK/ERK, JNK signal and NF-κB expression