Table 1.

Overview of HMOS binding receptors, potentially involved in immunomodulation.

HMOS identified as ligands	Receptor	Expression of receptor on	Function of receptor	References
2'FL, 3FL, LNFP-III, LNFP-IV, LNDFH-I	DC-SIGN	Antigen presenting cells	Antigen presentation	(138–140)
3'SL and 6'SL	Siglec 5, 9	Neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells	Immune signaling	(138, 141)
LNnT, LNT, LNFP-II, LNFP-III, LNDFH	Galectin 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9	Intestinal cells, lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells	Immune signaling	(142–144)
2'FL and 3'SL	TLR4	Most cell types, mainly immune cells	Pathogen detection	(15, 16)

Adapted from Triantis et al. (145).