Table 5.
Summary of mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of petroleum-based polymers with biofillers.
| Matrix | Filler | Filler content | Mechanical | Thermal | Morphology | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABS | L-CNC | 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt% | ↑ in TS up to 4 wt% addition of L-CNC but rapid ↓ upon further addition till 10 wt%. ↑ in E up to 6 wt% L-CNC and then ↓ afterward. |
Reduction of initial degradation temperature with addition of L-CNC. At high temperature, ↑ in thermal stability with ↑ in L-CNC. |
Uniform distribution of L-CNC in the ABS matrix. Presence of pores in 3D printed part from ABS/ L-CNC composite filament. ↑ in pore diameter to >30 μm with ↑ in L-CNC content above 6 wt%. |
Dadmun et al., 2017 |
| ABS | RS | 5, 10, 15, 20 wt% | ↓ in TS and E with addition of RS. With ↑ in RS content, flexure modulus and strength ↓; however, both ↑ at 15 wt% RS. |
Printed parts looked like wood, got darker and porosity ↑ with addition of RS. | Osman et al., 2018 | |
| ABS | Lignin NBR41 CFs (1/8 inch) | 40 wt%10 wt%10 wt% | Incorporation of 40 wt% lignin in ABS ↓ TS of composite, which was improved on adding NBR41 and CFs. E of ABS was ↓ on adding lignin and NBR41 while CFs ↑ E. |
Tg of composite was ↓ on adding lignin, NBR42, and CFs. | Well-dispersed phase separated lignin was seen. Percolation of CFs was observed in composite. On adding 10 wt% CFs to ABS/lignin/NBR41 composite improved the interlayer adhesion between two printing layers. |
Nguyen et al., 2018b |
| ABS | Lignin PEO CFs |
10, 20, 30 wt% 10 wt% (relative to lignin amount) 20 vol% |
No effect was observed on E due to PEO. PEO ↑ the elongation at failure. ↑ in TS with the addition of CFs in ABS/lignin/PEO (70/27/3) composite. |
PEO retarded early decomposition of lignin. Presence of PEO led to ↑ in degradation peak temperature. PEO lowered the Tg of ABS. |
Enhancement in interfacial adhesion between the ABS matrix and lignin particle with addition of PEO. ↓ in lignin domain size from 300–1,000 nm to 200–500 nm in the ABS matrix with incorporation of PEO. |
Akato et al., 2015 |
| Nylon 12 | HW lignin CFs |
40–60 wt% 4–16 wt% |
Addition of 40 wt% lignin to nylon 12 matrix, led to ↑ in E while TS was nearly same as neat nylon 12. ↑ in TS and E with the addition of 12 wt% CFs in nylon 12/lignin (6:4) composite. |
Noticeable ↓ in Tm and recrystallization temperature due to CFs and lignin. ↑ in thermal conductivity of nylon 12/lignin (6:4) composite with addition of CFs. |
CFs were well-dispersed in the polymer matrix. Spherical aggregated lignin phases were seen in the polymer matrix. |
Nguyen et al., 2018a |
| PCL | CSW (50 μm) | 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt% | On addition of CSW to 30 wt%, E of filament ↑ and then ↓. Tensile strain at break ↓ with addition of CSW. |
Minimal change in thermal properties of te PCL matrix on blending CSW. | Uniform distribution of CSW in the PCL matrix, no clumping and clustering was observed. 3D printed specimen had good interlayer adhesion with no voids and gaps. |
Tran et al., 2017 |