Table 5.

Reported prevalence of functional impairments contributing to swallowing deficits.

Oral phase
Impaired lingual control	0–40%26
Pharyngeal phase
Velopharyngeal incompetence	27.8%7
	58.1%9
	10%19
	23.0%–95.8%27
Delay or absence of swallow reflex	87.1%9
	36%–62%19
	2.6%–52.1%27
Decreased pharyngeal contraction	1.3%–5.7%8
	80.6%9
	78%–92%19
	69%21
	1.8%–71.8%27
Incomplete hyoid bone elevation	8.7%–15.8%8
	94%19
	1.8%–23.9%27
Impaired laryngopharyngeal sensation	88%21
Esophageal phase
Cervical esophageal clearance problem	82.8%–97.0%10

Data reported for multiple time points, bolus types, or treatment groups are indicated as range.